<p>The Mountainville Grange Hall is located on NY 32 just south of the hamlet of Mountainville in the town of Cornwall, Orange County, New York, United States. Built in 1904, the Grange sold it in 1984 to the Jerusalem Temple Lodge No. 721, a local Masonic body, and renamed the Cornwall Masonic Temple.</p><br>
<p>While the Masonic lodge has made some renovations, such as improving the kitchen and meeting spaces, the original character of the building has generally been preserved. It is still used today by Jerusalem Temple Lodge and its appendant Order of the Eastern Star chapter. On June 3, 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story three-by-six-bay frame building on a stone foundation, sided in white clapboard covered with aluminum on the first story and green wood shingles on the second. The gabled roof is itself shingled in asphalt, pierced by a brick chimney near the west (rear) end.</p><br>
<p>A sunburst-patterned vent is in the middle of the attic level on the eastern (front) facade. The center bay at the first story projects slightly to accommodate the main entrance, two paneled and recessed wooden doors in a plain frame. A porch extends across the first story, with a flat roof supported by four rectangular Doric columns connected by a balustrade. The porch roofline has a plain cornice and frieze with "Mountainville Grange 946 P of H" written on it. It has since been covered with a wooden sign saying "Cornwall Masonic Temple".</p><br>
<p>Inside the building follows a common Grange hall plan: dining room and kitchen on the first floor, meeting room and stage on the second. This and its furnishings and trim are unaltered.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grange had flourished in the Great Plains states, where it had been strong in the 1870s as part of the Populist movement. Membership overall declined in the following decade, but in the 1890s its influence rose in the East as farmers coped with the impact of modern technologies and economies on agricultural production.</p><br>
<p>In Mountainville, the Grange chapter was founded just before Christmas 1902. The hall was built two years later, and continued to be used as both a meeting place for the members and informal community center until the 1960s, when Grange membership declined steeply. It was home to an antique store during the 1970s, and was restored to its original organizational function in 1984 when Jerusalem Temple Lodge bought it.</p><br>
<p>At some point in the later 20th century, aluminum siding was installed on the first story, over the original clapboard. There have been no other modifications to the building.</p><br>
<p>Bamseom is a pair of islets in the River Han in Seoul, South Korea. The uninhabited islets, with a total area of 241,000 m&sup2;and length of 1,147 m, are located between the larger island of Yeouido, to which they were once connected, and the north shore. They remain connected to one another by a narrow strip of sedimentary silt. Seogang Bridge passes directly over the western islet, though there is no access available, as the islets have been left as a natural sanctuary. There is, however, an observation point for bird-watching. Migratory birds use the islets often and among the birds which can be seen are mallards, great egrets, mandarins, common kestrels and spotbills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands were inhabited until the Seogang Bridge was built over them, using the west islet as a support for one of the beams. Most of the inhabitants of Bamseom in the Joseon era were shipbuilders.</p><br>
<h2>Ecosystem</h2><br>
<p>Bamseom is a key location for a wide variety of bird species, such as the Mandarin duck, and it serves as a shelter for migratory birds during the winter. There are also about 108 species of plants on the island, such as willow trees and itch reeds. Additionally, Bamseom is an excellent place for children living in the city to experience nature. In 1999, the Seoul metropolitan government registered Bamseon as a</p><br>
<p>"natural preservation district".</p><br>
<h2>West Islet</h2><br>
<p>The west islet, over which Seogang Bridge passes, has a length of 560 metres. This is the more forested of the two islets, particularly at the western point.</p><br>
<h2>East Islet</h2><br>
<p>The east islet has a length of 655 metres. This islet contains a bay which opens onto the strip of water between the islets. This bay has largely silted up and is therefore marshy and contains many reeds and reed-dwelling organisms.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Bamseon has extensive facilities for tourists and visitors. So far, 6 observatory platforms and direction boards for visitors have been erected. The facility allows citizens to visit from December to February. This timetable was largely set by a 1999 governmental decision, as observing the migration of birds is important to ornithologists and naturalists.</p><br>
<h2>Films</h2><br>
<p>Bamseon is the primary location in the 2009 Korean film Castaway on the Moon in which a man (Jung Jae-young) decides to commit suicide by jumping into the Han river, only to find himself washed ashore and stranded on the island.</p><br>
<p>Ludaš or Ludoš Lake  is a shallow lake in the province of Vojvodina in northern Serbia, near Subotica. It is a special natural preserve and, since 1977, designated as a swamp area of international significance by the Ramsar Convention. The name of the lake stems from Hungarian "ludas", meaning goose.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located 12 kilometers southeast of Subotica, 10 km away from the E75 motorway, near the villages of Šupljak and Hajdukovo. About 4.5 km long, it stretches in north-south direction. It lies on the sandy terrain between Danube and Tisza rivers, at the borderline of Bačka loessial plateau. Its northern part is wider and swampy, while the southern part is embedded into loess, with shores 3–4 m high. The bottom of the lake is made of watertight layer of white clay, covered with mud. The water is shallow, with the average depth of just 1 m and reaching the maximum depth of 2.25 m. The lake freezes up to three months a year, and in the summer its temperature can reach as high as 30 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The lake is of aeolian origin, and its bed was formed approximately 1 million years ago, as winds emptied the sand dunes along the clay plateau. Before the water regulation system in the area was introduced, it used to be a swamp, supplied by natural precipitation and several small water streams, while a branch of the Kereš River takes the extraneous water away into Tisza. Today, it also receives water influx from Palić-Ludaš and Bega canals.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The lake and its surrounding are home to diverse habitats (aquatic, swamp, meadow and steppe), with a number of plant and animal species. Protected lax-flowered orchid (Orchis laxiflora) is abundant on the meadow lowland terrain around the lake. Several other rare plants found their shelter here, such as: milk-vetch (Astragalus exscapus), wind flower (Pulsatilla pratensis), sage (Salvia austriaca), herbaceous periwinkle (Vinca herbacea), golden ragwort (Senecio doria).</p><br>
<p>There are 214 recorded species of birds, 140 of them being protected as natural rarities. Most of the species are migratory. Richness of birds is one of the primary reasons for the environmental protection of the lake&#39;s area. bearded reedling is the most outstanding characteristic bird, while white-headed duck, ferruginous duck and moustached warbler are just some listed on the IUCN Red List.</p><br>
<p>Land fauna is represented with some 20 species, of those, the European otter is a near-threatened species.</p><br>
<p>The first act of nature protection of the lake was passed in 1955, and in 1958 the area was designated as a strict nature reserve, covering an area of 6.33 square kilometres. In 1982, the area became an integral part of the "Palić-Ludaš" regional part, which was divided into two areas after building of the E-75 motorway in 1991. Efforts for the international protection status were first introduced in 1973, when the Executive Council of Vojvodina nominated the lake to the Ramsar Site List, and on March 28, 1977 it was included in the list of Wetlands of International Importance. In 1989, the lake and its surroundings were designated as an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>Bremetennacum, or Bremetennacum Veteranorum, was a Roman fort on the site of the present day village of Ribchester in Lancashire, England. . The site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The site guarded a crossing-point of the River Ribble. The first known Roman activity was the building of a timber fort, believed to have been constructed during the campaigns of Petillius Cerialis around AD 72/3. This was replaced by a stone fort in the 2nd century. For most of its existence the fort was garrisoned by Sarmatian auxiliaries, first stationed in Britain by Marcus Aurelius in 175. Prior to that it is suggested that the fort was garrisoned by the Ala II Asturum from Spain, but there is some uncertainty about this. Pottery evidence indicates that the fort was occupied for most of the 4th century until the end of the Roman period.</p><br>
<p>Kunstnernes Hus  is an art gallery in Oslo, Norway. It is Norways largest gallery under the direction of artists, and has served as a major center for exhibits of Norwegian and international contemporary art. It is also a prominent example of Functionalist architecture situated in Wergelandsveien 17, across the Royal palace park.</p><br>
<p>After having raised funds and interest for several years, Bildende Kunstneres Styre (now Norwegian Visual Artists Association) acquired the site for its headquarters in 1927 and opened an architectural contest in 1928. Several important specifications were imposed on entries, among them natural light from the ceiling, limited building height, and a façade that blended with the surrounding architecture. Its architecture is noted as an important milestone in the transition from the legacy of 19th century Neoclassical architecture to 20th century Functionalism.</p><br>
<p>Over 60 proposals were submitted, and the winning proposal, named Felix, by Gudolf Blakstad and Herman Munthe-Kaas, was simplified before construction began in 1929. The building opened on 1 October 1930 as an independent foundation with public support. In 1931 it won the Houen Prize for excellent architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated in 2000/2001 at a cost of about NOK 20 million to improve the galleries, the general structural and aesthetic integrity, and bring safety infrastructure to modern standards.</p><br>
<p>Kunstnernes Hus is governed by a five-member board, four elected by the Norwegian Visual Artists Association, and one from the Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<p>In addition to numerous shows throughout the year, it is one of two sites for the annual art show Høstutstillingen and also the annual fellowship application exhibit. Several pieces are on permanent display, including the bronze lion sculptures at the entrance by Ørnulf Bast, a relief by Niels Larsen Stevns, and pieces by Per Krogh and Lars Backer.</p><br>
<p>There are galleries on two floors. There is also an eating establishment on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Matchedash Bay is a bay and Ramsar wetland in Simcoe County in Central Ontario, Canada. It is the "final inland extension of Severn Sound" on Lake Huron&#39;s Georgian Bay, and is "situated at the interface between the Saint Lawrence Lowlands and the Canadian Shield ". It exhibits geologically unique features at the junction of the Canadian Shield and southern Ontario limestone. Wetland habitats in Matchedash Bay are varied, and include swamps, fens, cattail marshes, wet meadows and beaver ponds. Other features include "permanent freshwater lakes; upland hardwood forest, agricultural lands, native grass meadows and a unique, coniferous wetland forest".</p><br>
<p>A great diversity of species are indigenous to Matchedash Bay, including over 550 species of vascular plants, 34 species of fish, 28 species of mammal and 17 species of reptiles and amphibian, and it supports "one of the greatest diversities of herpeto fauna in Canada". Of the 170 species of birds that nest or breed in Matchedash Bay, some are provincially rare. It is also an important spring and autumn migratory staging area in the province.</p><br>
<p>Water levels in Matchedash Bay fluctuate constantly in tandem with Lake Huron and the tributary North River and Coldwater River. These water level fluctuations are a natural part of the ecology of Great Lakes wetlands, and are necessary for maintaining the area and diversity of this wetland.</p><br>
<p>Ducks Unlimited has purchased small portions of the site, for example an 18 hectare purchase in 1996, "to ensure permanent protection" of the area. However, Matchedash Bay is a popular recreational area with cottages and marinas. Urban growth in the surrounding areas is expected to negatively affect the site and its water quality.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Street Baptist Church&#39;s initial beginnings date back to 1803 in Alexandria, Virginia, United States and located in the city’s oldest African American neighborhood, the Bottoms. In 1806, the colored members of the church Alexandria Baptist Society established the Colored Baptist Society which would eventually become First African Baptist Church of Alexandria, Virginia. The church welcomed its first black pastor when Reverend Sampson White was called to lead the recently independent congregation. White had previously served as the founding pastor of Nineteenth Street Baptist Church of Washington, D.C. and Abyssinian Baptist Church of New York City. He would be followed by Reverend Samuel Madden in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Architectural improvements were implemented in the 1880s and in 1994, when a new sanctuary was built. The exterior of the building was preserved, but the interior was greatly improved. Alfred Street Baptist Church is located at 301 South Alfred Street in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Beulah Baptist Church  was established in 1863 in an African American neighborhood  in Alexandria, Virginia, United States. The church was also the first black church founded in Alexandria after occupation by Union troops in 1861. Rev. Clem Robinson, graduate of Ashmun Institute in Pennsylvania , heard the call to educate and preach to slaves that lived in or fled to areas occupied by Union troops, so he came to Alexandria, VA. With support from the American Baptist Free Mission Society of New York and the  American Baptist Home Mission Society, he worked with his wife, with Miss Amanda Borden, and with Rev. George Washington Parker to found several schools for escaped slaves, including the "The First Select Colored School," which served over 700 students in its first year. Their schools, which included a night school for adults and a Normal and Theological Institute for those with some education, preceded the federal schools, set up by the Freedman&#39;s Bureau, by many months. The Beulah Baptist Church was founded the next year, 1863, and remains a vital African American congregation to this day. Currently, it is under the able leadership of Rev. Dr. Columbus Watson.</p><br>
<p>In the founding days, Rev. Clem Robinson also taught upper level students at the "Beulah Normal and Theological Institute," which met at the church and which had over 80 students in the first few years. The aim was to educate future teachers and preachers for the Black community, men and women, and this school placed over 30 missionaries and educators into the field in the first few years. This pioneering effort preceded any other Black Normal and Theological Institute in the Reconstruction period, including Wayland Seminary (later Virginia Union, 1865), Fisk University (1866) Howard University (1867), and the Hampton Institute (1868)</p><br>
<p>Robinson and Parker assisted the efforts of other pioneers for Black education in Alexandria, like Harriet Jacobs and Julia Wilbur. Robinson&#39;s school remained in place until 1870, when Alexandria opened its public school system. The church was also the first black church founded in Alexandria after its Union occupation in 1861.</p><br>
<p>It is a two story brick building with a gable roof and large stained glass window. The church is located at 320 South Washington Street in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Carlyle House is an historic mansion in Alexandria, Virginia, United States, built by Scottish merchant John Carlyle in 1751&ndash;53. It is situated in the city&#39;s Old Town on North Fairfax Street between Cameron and King Streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the lots for the new town of Alexandria were auctioned in July 1749, Carlyle purchased lots 41 and 42, situated between the Potomac River and the towns market square, ideal for his merchant business. He began construction of a house in 1751, using indentured and slave labor. The home was built in mid-Georgian style with space for entertaining and private family and servant use. He also built a number of outbuildings for both household and business needs. Carlyle and his wife, Sarah née Fairfax, moved into the house on 1 August 1753, the day Sarah gave birth to Carlyles first son, William. Carlyle or someone associated with the houses construction is believed to have sealed the body of a cat within the houses foundation for good luck, a custom that was prevalent in the British Isles and northern Europe. The cat&#39;s remains were discovered during restoration work in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1755, the house was the initial headquarters for Major-General Edward Braddock in the Colony of Virginia during the French and Indian War. The Congress of Alexandria convened in the dining room of the house and here Braddock decided to make an expedition to Fort Duquesne which would result in his death. He was urged not to undertake the expedition by native Virginian George Washington who was then a volunteer aide-de-camp to Braddock. Braddock first suggested the idea of levying additional new taxes on the colonists to help with the cost of the war at the house.</p><br>
<p>Carlyle was a slaveholder. Carlyle&#39;s slaves lived and worked in his Alexandria home, on three plantations and in a foundry located on the same lot as the house. When he died in 1780, there were nine slaves living at Carlyle House: Moses, Nanny, Jerry, Joe, Cate, Sibreia, Cook, Charles and Penny. In the colonial period, as many as twenty-five slaves might have lived and worked within its walls and in the various outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Following Carlyles death in 1780, his son George William Carlyle inherited the house. However, he died one year after his father at the Battle of Eutaw Springs in South Carolina. The son of John Carlyles eldest daughter Sarah Carlyle Herbert, John Carlyle Herbert, inherited the Carlyle House in 1781. The house passed from the familys possession by 1827 when Sarah Carlyle Herbert died and John Carlyle Herbert sold it to pay off an uncles gambling debt. He himself had moved to Maryland in the first decade of the 19th century. A wealthy Alexandria merchant, John Lloyd, owned extensive tracts of real estate both in and outside of town, and ended up acquiring possession of the Carlyle House. Not successful in selling the property, Lloyd offered the structure as a possible site for the new city and county courthouse to be constructed in Alexandria in 1838. This proposal was rejected and Lloyd continued to lease the premises to a number of renters until it was sold to James Green, the owner of Green and Brother Furniture Factory, a noted Alexandria furniture manufacturer in 1848.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>By 1860 Carlyle House owner James Green completed many major renovations to the Carlyle House. He also created a hotel in front of the house known as the Mansion House Hotel, which was known as one of the best hotels on the East Coast. With the building of the hotel fronting Fairfax Street, the Carlyle House was no longer visible from the street. At the onset of the Civil War, Union troops occupied the city of Alexandria, including the Mansion House Hotel, converting it to a hospital for Union soldiers, after the Battle of Bull Run.</p><br>
<p>After Green&#39;s death in 1880, the hotel and the Carlyle House along with it, changed hands frequently. It was not until 1906, when the buildings were bought by Earnest Wagar, that a major restoration of the house as an historic site was commenced.</p><br>
<p>Significant restoration work to the house was undertaken in the early and mid 1970s, and the hotel (also known as the Braddock Hotel) was torn down, once again exposing Carlyle House to North Fairfax Street.</p><br>
<h2>Carlyle House Historic Park</h2><br>
<p>The Carlyle House Historic Park is owned, protected, and operated by the NOVA Parks agency of Northern Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Opening in 1970, the park includes the 18th-century mansion and its gardens, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is architecturally unique as the only stone 18th-century Palladian Revival style residence in Alexandria.</p><br>
<p>The "Grandest Congress" is a reenactment celebrating General Braddock&#39;s time at the house that takes place every year at the Carlyle House.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin and Armfield Office, now known as the Freedom House Museum, is a historic commercial building at 1315 Duke Street in Alexandria, Virginia. Built c. 1810-20, it housed the offices of the largest slave trading firm in the antebellum south, started in 1828 by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The Freedom House Museum is owned by the Northern Virginia Urban League, with exhibits about the building&#39;s slave trading history and the life of a slave.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Franklin and Armfield Office building is located just west of Alexandria&#39;s Old Town, on the north side of Duke Street between South West and South Payne Streets. It is a three story brick building, topped by a mansard roof and resting on a brick foundation. Its front facade is laid in Flemish bond, while the sides and rear are laid in common bond. It has Federal period styling, with windows and the entrance door set in segmented, arch openings, with gabled dormers at the roof level.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed as a residence sometime in the 1810s by Robert Young, a brigadier general in the District of Columbia militia. Due to financial reverses, Young was soon afterward forced to sell the house. It was purchased in 1828 by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield, who established it as their Washington-area office, and the residence of Armfield. The property then extended further east, and included buildings for holding and trading in slaves. The two-story extension to the rear of this house was part of the slave-holding facilities, which included high walls, and interior chambers that featured prison-like grated doors and windows. Armfield sold the property to another slave trader in 1836, and it continued to be used as a slave trading site until Alexandria fell to Union Army forces early in the American Civil War. The Union used the property to imprison Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the outlying slave pens were torn down, the brick possibly reused in the construction of the adjacent townhouses. After serving a variety of other uses, it now houses a museum devoted to the slave trade.</p><br>
<p>Turtleback Falls, also called Umbrella Falls, is a waterfall in Western North Carolina, located near Brevard. The falls is located on the Horsepasture River in the Pisgah National Forest. The falls is usually accessed by a hike starting in Gorges State Park which passes through Pisgah National Forest property.</p><br>
<p>Turtleback Falls is a popular place for swimming and people frequently slide over the falls into the Chug Hole during low water; however, the currents can be dangerous in higher flows and people have drowned at Turtleback, or have been swept downriver and over 125&#39; Rainbow Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The falls has a large, deep pool at the bottom commonly known as the "Chug Hole". The river flows over a large, sloping slab of rock before curving steeper and finally dropping into the pool. The appearance of the rock, similar to a turtle&#39;s shell, gives the falls its name.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>Little Falls - located on private property upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Narrows Falls - located in a gated community upstream from Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Rock House Falls - 55-ft falls located on private property on Burlingame Creek, a tributary of the Horsepasture River</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls</p><br>
<p>Drift Falls</p><br>
<p>Stairway Falls</p><br>
<p>Sidepocket Falls</p><br>
<p>Windy Falls</p><br>
<p>"Fort Decker" is a stone house built in 1793 from the remains of the fort of that name. It is located on West Main Street in Port Jervis, New York, the oldest building in that city, which it predates by several decades.</p><br>
<p>The original Fort Decker was built by a Frederick Haynes, a Dutch settler, sometime before 1760, during the French and Indian War, as an unofficial defense and trading post. It was one and a half stories high, built of stone and overlapping logs. Haynes left the area for New Jersey around 1775, leaving the fort to his wife&#39;s family, the Deckers.</p><br>
<p>On July 19, 1779, during Revolutionary War, when the settlement was known as "Peenpack", the fort was burned during a raid by pro-British Indian leader Joseph Brant. When survivors brought news of the disaster to Goshen, the Patriot attempt to retaliate led to a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Minisink, the only major engagement of the war in the upper Delaware Valley.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built from the remains of the fort in 1793. In 1826, it would house engineers working on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, including John Jervis, whom the city would later be renamed for. It remained in private hands as a residence from then on. In 1903, newspapers reported that the original roof was being removed, and in 1924 the building suffered partial damage from a fire.</p><br>
<p>As early as the 1880s, there had been interest in using the structure as a museum. This did not become possible until 1970, when the historical society bought it for $1,000 and converted it into a museum. In 1974 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first of three buildings in Port Jervis to attain that distinction, the others being the Erie Depot and the Post Office.</p><br>
<p>Loudoun Heights, sometimes referred to as Loudoun Mountain, is the first peak of the Blue Ridge Mountain south of the Potomac River in Loudoun County, Virginia and Jefferson County, West Virginia. The northwestern slope is part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The peak, which overlooks Harpers Ferry, was used by Stonewall Jackson to bombard the town during the Battle of Harpers Ferry. It was also the scene of the first and perhaps worst defeat for Confederate Partisan John Mosby at the hands of the Cole&#39;s Maryland Cavalry during the Battle of Loudoun Heights.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail (AT) traverses the peak before descending its northwestern slope to the Shenandoah River and Harpers Ferry. A spur trail called the Loudoun Heights Trail (the original route of the AT) leads off the AT down the northern slope, passing by Civil War earthworks and providing good views of the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah as well as Harpers Ferry, before crossing the Potomac on the USA Route 340 bridge and rejoining the AT at Sandy Hook, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The Real Felipe Fortress was built to defend the main Peruvian port and the city of Lima from pirates and corsairs during colonial times. The fortress was pivotal in the 1866 naval battle between a Spanish fleet sent to South America to "reclaim" its colonies and land batteries in the coast of Peru. The Real Felipe Fortress is currently the Peruvian Army Museum, displaying historical uniforms, weapons and other military paraphernalia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>During the Viceroyalty of Peru, Callao was the main port of the Americas, it connected the colonies with Spain.Due to the lack of adequate defenses, several pirate incursions took place. In an attempt to protect the port, the viceroy Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva decreed the construction of Walls of Lima between the years 1640 and 1647 to protect the city. However, the 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake, destroyed most of the fortifications. Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, orders the contraction of the fortress to bolster the defense of the port.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1746, the design proposal of French architect Louis Godin is selected as the design of the fortress. Construction of the fortress began on 21 January 1747 and the first stone was erected 1 August of the same year. This was considered one of the most important constructions made by Spain in the New World, costing about three million pesetas. Most of the stone came from the San Lorenzo Island and from the ruins caused by the earthquake. The name was chosen to honour the Spanish king Felipe V from the House of Bourbon, which had recently died. Construction ended during the reign of viceroy Manuel de Amat y Junient in 1774.</p><br>
<p>In 1782, viceroy Manuel Guirior decided to bolster the defences of the fortress with the construction of two smaller complementary fortresses; the «San Miguel» and the «San Rafael». This system came to be known as «Los Castillos del Callao» (The castles of Callao).</p><br>
<h3>Independence Era</h3><br>
<p>In 1806, viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa ordered the construction of a storage depot for arms, artillery and water to supply up to 2,000 soldiers for up to four months.</p><br>
<p>On 21 January 1816, Admiral Guillermo Brown blockaded the port of Callao, captured several royalist boats and proceeded to bombard the port. However, they were soon repulsed by the coastal batteries of the fortress.</p><br>
<p>During 16 January 1819, the fortress repulsed an attack from Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane during the government of viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela. This incident forced General José de San Martín to invade Lima from Pisco. Once the declaration of independence was decreed, General San Martín ordered to siege the fortress. The siege ended in 1821, when royalist General José de La Mar surrenderd to republican forces. However, the fortress was captured again by the Spaniards under Brigadier José Ramón Rodil y Campillo. Only in 1826, would the fortress return to the republicans after Brigadier Rodil y Campillo surrendered.</p><br>
<p>Glannoventa is a consensus form of the Latin place-name for a Roman fort that appeared as Clanoventa in the 2nd century Antonine Itinerary, Glannibanta in the 4th century Notitia Dignitatum, and Cantiventi in the 6th century Ravenna Cosmography. Its location at Ambleside is now generally accepted, but one can still read dissenting views that identify it with the naval base at Ravenglass, Cumbria, England.</p><br>
<p>Ravenglass was almost certainly Tunnocelum, a name mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum. An infantry unit of the Roman army, apparently based at the fort in the year 158 was the First Cohort Aelia Classica, where ‘Aelius’ was the family name of the Emperor Hadrian, while ‘Classica’ is derived from the Latin classis ‘fleet’, suggesting that the soldiers were recruited from the fleet in Hadrian’s time (117 to 138).</p><br>
<p>Apart from the extra-mural bath house (discussed below), little survives of the fort. A railway line was built through it in the nineteenth century, and one end has been affected by coastal erosion.</p><br>
<p>A Roman Road led inland via Hardknott and other sites named in the Ravenna Cosmography.</p><br>
<h2>Extra mural structures</h2><br>
<h3>Roman Bath House</h3><br>
<p>The walls of a bath house survive to a height of 4m and include bricked archways.</p><br>
<p>This building was constructed to the north east of the fort. It is under the care of English Heritage.</p><br>
<h3>Vicus</h3><br>
<p>A project to excavate the vicus ("the civilian area to the east of the fort") began in 2013. It has concentrated on areas identified in a geophysical survey.</p><br>
<p>Papey is an island near the east coast of Iceland in the municipality Djúpavogshreppur and is about 2 km&sup2; in extent, the highest point on the island being about 58 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The island was inhabited from the settlement of Iceland until 1966. There still is a lighthouse, a dwelling house, a church and a weather station on the island, the latter automated since 1998. There are also large colonies of Atlantic puffins on the island.</p><br>
<p>Papey is said to be named after the monks called Papar and it is mentioned in the Landnámabók as one of two places where these monks lived. The story in Landnámabók is that as Ingólfr Arnarson and his followers had lived during the winter at Geithellar in Álftafjörður at a distance from Papey, some of his women followers climbed a mountain in the spring and saw smoke from the island. When they later got a closer look and found special items there, they understood that the smoke had to have been from Papar (or quote: "Vestmen") inhabitants. There are also some toponyms on the island (aside from the island&#39;s name itself) indicating Papar monks were living there.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological surveys on the island and in the area surrounding Djúpavogur, especially between 1970 and 1980, did however not show any evidence of any monk settlement, but they found evidence of Norse settlements. Some of these surveys were led by the president of Iceland at the time, doctor Kristján Eldjárn.</p><br>
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<p>The Storrier-Stearns Japanese Garden is a Japanese garden located at 270 Arlington Drive in Pasadena, California. The garden was designed and built over seven years starting in 1935 when Charles and Ellamae Storrier Stearns hired first generation immigrant, and Japanese landscape designer, Kinzuchi Fujii. The 1.45 acre garden took four years to construct once its design was complete and cost $150,000. The garden was designed as a Hill and Pond Strolling Garden, the "chisen kaiyu shiki" form, which traditionally includes water features and walking paths. This garden includes 25 foot ponds with waterfalls, hills, bridges and paths. The gardens teahouse and many of its granite, bronze, and wood features were imported from Japan. The garden became a landmark for the Japanese community in Pasadena, and its teahouse served as a meeting place for Japanese cultural activities until it burned down in 1981. It was rebuilt to the original plans during the gardens recent restoration by Takeo Uesugi, FASLA.</p><br>
<p>The garden is open to the public the last Sunday of every month and also every single week on Thursdays.</p><br>
<p>The garden was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Lake Connewarre State Wildlife Reserve  is a 3411.1 ha Park in Victoria, Australia, that contains a diverse range of unique and significant ecosystems including a river, tidal delta, lakes, swamps, salt marshes and grasslands.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Connewarre State Wildlife Reserve is situated on the lower reaches of the Barwon River on Victoria&#39;s Bellarine Peninsula, approximately 8 km south-east of Geelong and 65 km south-west of Melbourne. The Reserve holds the largest area of remnant vegetation on the Bellarine Peninsula and contains the most extensive example of Wilsonia herblands and Distichlis grasslands in Australia. As well as the saline and tidally affected Lake Connewarre itself, the reserve includes the adjacent freshwater Reedy Lake and the ephemeral Murtnaghurt Lagoon. Part of LCSWR is designated a State Game Reserve and is available for duck and quail hunting each year. Other recreational uses include fishing, windsurfing, canoeing and nature study.</p><br>
<p>Campbell Point protrudes into Lake Connewarre and contains the oldest dated Aboriginal archaeological remains on the Bellarine Peninsula. The deposits have been dated at between 3600 and 5200 years old and are considered significant for their demonstration of shellfish gathering which was uncommon on the central coast of Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>It is home to over 150 bird species. Several migratory species are listed the under international agreements Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement and the China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement. Twelve plant and animal species are listed as threatened under Victoria’s Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 including the orange-bellied parrot. According to The Action Plan for Australian Birds by the Natural Heritage Trust, the orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) is critically endangered with approximately 180 mature birds remaining in the wild, and numbers continuing to decline. The reserve is part of the Bellarine Wetlands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for orange-bellied parrots and for waterbirds.</p><br>
<p>The Kupgal petroglyphs are works of rock art found at Kupgal in Bellary district of Karnataka, India. Thousands of petroglyphs have been found at Kupgal, which date to the neolithic or even the old stone age. The site, which includes examples of rock gongs, was discovered first in 1892, but subsequently became lost to researchers until it was rediscovered in the early 21st century. This site features peculiar rock formations with unusual depressions which make musical sounds when struck with boulders.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>The site is situated in the Bellary district of mid-eastern Karnataka, approximately 5 km north-east of the town of Bellary. Archaeological sites in this area appear in the literature under different names, but the names of Sanganakallu and Kupgal, two local villages, occur commonly. Here, neolithic remains are found concentrated on the tops and slopes of an outcrop of granitic hills while remains of the megalithic (Iron Age) and Early Historic, and subsequent periods are found predominantly in surrounding peneplain.</p><br>
<p>Of the many sites here, the largest is located on the biggest and northernmost of the granitic hills. It was called Peacock Hill by the British during the colonial period and was sometimes referred to as such in early literature. Locals, generally call the hill Hiregudda, which simply means ‘Big Hill’ in the local Kannada language. Most archaeological literature, however, refers to the hill as Kupgal hill, after a neighbouring village (though the nearest village is Sirivaram). Recent archaeological research has dated the main period of Neolithic occupation on this hill top between 4000 and 3300 years ago</p><br>
<p>Kupgal hill is a fairly large granitic hill with several peaks, with a large dolerite trap dyke running along its axis. Petroglyphs belonging to different periods, from the neolithic to the modern day, can be found bruised or engraved on the black rocks all along the dyke. A heavy concentration of rock art is seen where the dyke emerges across the upper northern peak of the hill.</p><br>
<h3>Rediscovery</h3><br>
<p>The site was first reported in the Asiatic Quarterly Review in 1892 (Fawcett). The report included a brief summary by Fawcett along with hand sketches by Sewell. It is also mentioned by Foote in his 1916 volume on the Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities of India. But subsequent explorers who tried to trace it were unable to do so. Brief descriptions of the site by Subbarao (Subbarao, 1947), Gordon (1951) and Padayya (1973) appeared, but the site itself remained lost. A few pictures of the site had also been taken in the 19th Century, but the originals were either lost, or allowed to fade. Photographs apparently taken by Fawcett had been sent to the Madras Museum and the Royal Anthropological Institute. While the ones in the Madras Museum were lost or allowed to fade, those in the R.A.I. were re-photographed before they faded. These were later published by Gordon (1951). In 2002, Dr. Boivin in association with Ravi Korisettar of the Karnataka University carried out a study of the site and published photographs which effectively make it only the second time that photographs of the Kupgal petroglyphs have been published.</p><br>
<h2>The south Indian Neolithic</h2><br>
<p>Although later in date than the proto-Harappan neolithic of the early third to first millennium BC, the south Indian neolithic (which actually overlaps with the Mature phase of the Harappan Civilisation), is of special interest to researchers. This is because, unlike the neolithic of Baluchistan and eastern Afghanistan (which share similarities with the neolithic of neighbouring South-west Asia), the south Indian neolithic features a distinctively Indian crop package, a distinctively Indian emphasis on cattle pastoralism and a distinctively Indian form of ritual involving the burning of large quantities of cowdung. This latter ritual in particular, is a unique feature of the south Indian neolithic and has resulted in the formation of large ‘ashmounds’ up to 30 feet high at various places.</p><br>
<p>Despite the wealth of the south Indian neolithic, it has received disproportionately less attention from South Asian archaeologists. The situation has improved somewhat in recent years though, with the launch of a number of new excavation and survey projects aimed at a systematic study of various aspects of this archeological entity.</p><br>
<h2>Dating south Indian rock art</h2><br>
<p>Dating south Indian neolithic art has traditionally been acknowledged as being problematic. Nonetheless, a rough chronological sequence for the rock art has been made possible by integrating various strands of evidence, by considering artistic style and method, the content of the rock art itself, its proximity to archaeological sites of known periods etc. These studies suggest that Neolithic rock art can be distinguished from rock art of other periods based on its distinctive style, subjects, method of production and weathering characteristics, and the repeated association of these features with archaeological sites of the neolithic period.</p><br>
<h2>The petroglyphs</h2><br>
<p>Many of the motifs on the rocks are of cattle, in particular the long-horned humped-back type found in southern India (Bos indicus). Some are of human-like figures, either on their own or accompanied by cattle. Some of these are in chains or with bows and arrows. According to Dr Boivin, the masculine nature of the engravings suggest that the people who made the images were men and were probably involved in herding cattle. The motifs were made by bruising the rocks, presumably with a stone implement. Some of the images are in locations so difficult to reach that it would have required the artists to suspended themselves from an overhang to make the images.</p><br>
<h3>Musical rocks</h3><br>
<p>The locals refer to some of the rock formations as the musical rocks. They consist of peculiar depressions in the rocks, which when struck with boulders produce loud, gong-like musical tones. In some cultures, percussion plays an important role in rituals and it is thought that these may have been part of rituals of the people of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Threatened</h2><br>
<p>Commercial quarrying in the area now poses a serious threat to the motifs. Some sections of the hill have already been destroyed by the quarrying for granite. A rock shelter to the north of the Kupgal hill with an even older rock art has been partially destroyed. Dr Nicole Boivin, of the University of Cambridge, an expert who has researched the site has expressed fears that without government interest and intervention, the rock art may be completely destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Jablaničko lake  is a large artificially formed lake on the Neretva river, right below Konjic where the Neretva briefly expands into a wide valley. River provided lot of fertile, agricultural land there, before lake flooded most of it. The lake was created in 1953 after construction of Jablanica Dam near Jablanica in central Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an irregular elongated shape. Its width varies along its length. The lake is a popular vacation destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>Swimming, boating and especially fishing are popular activities on the lake. Many weekend cottages have been built along the shores of the lake.</p><br>
<p>There are 13 types of fish in the lake&#39;s ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>However, the lake suffered from poor management of water and fisheries. Without any scientific and management plans or research, local fisheries and angling management introduced, alien, non-indigenous or non-native species, either deliberately or accidentally, which did more harm and damage than good. As the Neretva has many endemic and fragile species of fish that are near extinction, introductions of this invasive species, Pike Perch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.), completely destroyed native endemic and highly endangered fish like Strugač (Leuciscus svallize svallize Heck. et Kn.) or (Squalius svallize) and Glavatica (Salmo marmoratus) (also known as Gonjavac).</p><br>
<p>Jablanica lake.jpgJablanica lake at summer</p><br>
<p>JablanickoJezero.jpgJablanicko Jezero</p><br>
<p>Jablaničko jezero 1.jpgJablanica dam</p><br>
<p>St Helens  is one of the fifty or so uninhabited islands in the archipelago of the Isles of Scilly and has an approximate area of 0.1885 km&sup2;. On the south side of the island is one of the earliest Christian sites in Scilly, an early medieval religious complex, which is thought to be the remains of St Elidius Hermitage, an 8th-century chapel lived in by Saint Lide, . There are also the remains of an isolation hospital used to quarantine sailors with plague. The island is the major part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest and some features have been given the designation of scheduled ancient monument. Access to the island is through chartered or private boat, although there are some season trips throughout the summer. St Helens is currently managed by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>St Helen’s is the third largest of the uninhabited islands and is situated in the northern part, between Tresco and St Martin’s. It has an area of 18.85 hectare and rises to 42 m. Some of the nearby islands are considered to be part of the St Helen’s group, these are; Foreman’s Island, Men-a-vaur, Northwethel, Round Island and Teän. The island mostly consists of a hill of coarse-grained, highly jointed Hercynian granite. The landing site for the island is on a sandy beach on the south side where there are the remains of a granite quay and low sand dunes at the top of the beach. The ruined pest house is situated on a flat area behind the dunes and further inland the religious complex is based at the foot of the hill. To the east of the complex is a well and the walls of several fields.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-history</h2><br>
<h3>Cairns</h3><br>
<p>The platform cairns on St Helen&#39;s make up a large amount of the total 387 surviving cairns on the Isles of Scilly, and so have been registered as an ancient monument. The remaining Bronze Age cairn field on the island consists of four ring cairns on the slight north-west facing slope. The first cairn is 4 m in diameter with a ring of earth with protruding spaced stones, 1m wide and 0.2 m high. The second cairn is oval 4 m by 3 m with a ring 0.4 m wide and 0.2 m high, incorporate two contiguous slabs embedded on edge. The third cairn is 6 m in diameter with a ring with spaced stones averaging 1m wide and 0.3 m high. The fourth cairn is 4 m in diameter with a ring of spaced stones which averages 0.7 m wide and 0.2 m high.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early Christian Chapel</h3><br>
<p>On the south slope of St Helen&#39;s there is an early medieval religious complex that is thought to be the remains of St Elidius Hermitage, an 8th-century chapel lived in by Saint Lide (also known as Elid or Elidius) which is also Saint Lide alleged burial place. Archaeological excavations suggest that the site developed from a solitary hermit site, with a single round hut and oratory, to a communal hermitage with a number of rectangular huts for individual accommodation, surrounding the church and oratory buildings. Five graves from the early hermitage were also excavated east of the living section. A field system was also present providing food for the Hermitage/Chapel, and later the Pest House residents. In the early 11th-century a small church was built on the north east side of the living section and around 1120 AD the church was granted to Tavistock Abbey. This increased the numbers of pilgrims visiting the site due to it being the shrine of Elidius, and many alterations and remodeling were made to the complex.</p><br>
<h3>St Helen's Pool</h3><br>
<p>St Helens Pool is a stretch of water just off St Helens island which provided sheltered anchorage for shipping, though there is a chance ships may experience swells near high water.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence to show that during the later medieval period the monks of Tresco may have collected tolls from ships for anchorage in St Helen&#39;s Pool, as it is considered that it was the main harbour of the islands in medieval times.</p><br>
<h3>The Pest house</h3><br>
<p>St Helens Isolation hospital, also known as the Pest House, was a quarantine station built in 1764 to house plague cases from visiting ships calling at Old Grimsby and St Helens Pool. It was constructed after an Act of Parliament in 1754 decreed that any plague-ridden ship north of Cape Finisterre heading for England should anchor off this island. The station included the building of an isolation hospital as well as a slipway and an extensive quay to serve it. The pest house was still open to receive patients from quarantined vessels. The hospital building is a rectangular, roofless building, 7 m by 5.5 m externally with a two–roomed extension on its east side. The walls of the building are 0.6 m wide and 3 m high, and are constructed of mortared rubble with other details picked out in larger stones. The building has recently been repaired and stabilized to prevent its collapse with the help of English Heritage funding through the Isles of Scilly (IOS) Grant Scheme, administered by Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Community Grants Programme (CIOS). There is also a graveyard associated with the pest house which is known to include the grave of a 27-year-old naval surgeon who was sent to treat the sick and died within a week himself, and various passengers from Africa and Asia who also died at the station.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and ecology</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the St Helen’s (with Northwethel and Men-a-vaur) Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is designated for its rare flora and breeding seabirds. The SSSI was first notified in 1971, re-notified in 1986 and covers all land above the mean high-water mark.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>In 1940 the highest land on St Helen’s was covered in maritime heath with ling (Calluna vulgaris) and bell heather (Erica cinerea) which was destroyed by fires from incendiary bombs from German aircraft during World War II. There were further fires during the dry weather of 1949, and when J E Lousley surveyed the vegetation in 1957 the soil was only one or two inches deep, grey and with granite chips. The most abundant plant was buck’s-horn plantain (Plantago coronopus) and English stonecrop (Sedum anglicum). The fires probably also affected the frequency and cover of the lichens and bryophytes. At the time of the publication of Lousley’s flora (1971) the vegetation had still not reverted to heath and by 1987 Hottentot fig (Carpobrotus edulis) had spread over much of the area. By 2002 much of this plant had disappeared possibly because of salt spray, or because of unusually cold weather. At the last SSSI assessment in 2009, vegetation on the island including the heath was considered to be in ″a favourable condition″. Lousley found large areas of cliffs and rocks were also covered with Hottentot fig which is spread by gulls carrying the plant to their nests. It can then take root and spread over bare ground and vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The lower lying ground to the south of the hill, has deeper soils with black humus and white sand grains. The flora is dominated by a tangle of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and bramble (Rubus ulmifolius) and is comparatively rich compared with many of the other islands; probably because St Helen’s has less salt spay due to its comparatively sheltered position being surrounded by other islands. The long history of human settlement has also allowed for the establishment of additional species, either by human introduction, or by grazing which has helped to develop deeper soils on the lower ground. Around the pest house there is rank grassland and scrub with flowering plants such as hemlock (Conium maculatum), hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) and good populations of balm-leaved figwort (Scrophularia scorodonia) which is spreading in one area. Unusually for a small Scillonian island there is also grey willow (Salix cinerea), wood spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides) and small reed (Calamagrostis epigejos). In the past the areas around the buildings would have been cultivated or grazed and North reported the island was uncultivated during his visit in 1850. To allow access for visitors to the August church service, the tall vegetation is cut around the ruined buildings and on the path from the landing place.</p><br>
<p>On the north-west side of the island there is an area of maritime grassland with abundant thrift (Armeria maritima), sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and tree mallow (Lavatera arborea). Also on the north side and directly opposite Round Island, Issac North (1850) found a chasm richly covered in sea spleenwort (Asplenium marinum).</p><br>
<h4>Shore dock</h4><br>
<p>Shore dock (Rumex rupestris) is one of the rarer docks and a BAP species; it is one of the reasons why the Isles of Scilly is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). It was recorded in 1957 by Lousley, but has not been seen since and is thought to be extinct on St Helen’s. It was recorded nearby on Teän in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The fauna of the outer islands of the Isles of Scilly is generally poorly recorded because of, both the difficulty of reaching them, and the length of the time spent.</p><br>
<h4>Mammals</h4><br>
<p>St Helen’s has a long history of habitation and when Issac North visited the islands in 1850 he reported goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and deer. The deer were still present in 1865, and in 1870 sheep (Ovis aries) were said to run wild. A 1919 guide book recorded St Helen&#39;s only inhabitants as goats, deer, rabbits and sea fowl. The Scilly shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) was seen on low cliffs in 1964 and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has not been recorded since 1980.</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Cooper (2006) recorded a few great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) nesting, a scattering of herring gull (Larus argentatus) and an overflow colony of kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) on the eastern cliffs, while Parslow (2007) records a large colony of lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) and a small colony of puffin (Fratercula arctica). The Seabird 2000 breeding seabird survey recorded five occupied nests of Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus).</p><br>
<h2>Other islands in the St Helen’s group</h2><br>
<h3>Foreman’s Island</h3><br>
<p>Foreman’s Island is a 0.37 hectare low-lying island on the south side of St Helen’s Pool between Teän and Tresco. It is one of a group of rocks and islets of importance for breeding seabirds. The common froghopper (Philaenus spumarius) has been recorded on Foreman&#39;s.</p><br>
<h3>Men-a-vaur</h3><br>
<p>Men-a-vaur is to the north-west of St Helen&#39;s and consists of three granite slabs covering an area of 0.55 hectare and rising to 38 m. It is part of the SSSI for its seabirds with eight breeding species. The razorbill (Alca torda) population is of national importance and together with fulmar (Fulmaris glacialis) and guillemot (Uria aalge) are the largest in the Isles of Scilly; the other species are kittiwake, great black-backed gull, lesser black-backed gull, herring gull, shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and puffin. Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and raven (Corvus corax) breed in some years.</p><br>
<p>Lousley recorded common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), tree mallow and a species of orache (Atriplex spp) although flowering plants are not a permanent feature. The rare rove beetle, (Omalium allardi) has been recorded.</p><br>
<h3>Northwethel</h3><br>
<p>Northwethel is a 4.63 hectare and 15.2 m high island in Old Grimsby Channel, off Grimble Porth, Tresco. The island consists of two hills connected by a low stretch of land. There is a sandy beach at the landing area on the south and a small brackish pool behind the sea bank.</p><br>
<p>Human habitation dates back to the Bronze Age with a cairn field of up to nine cairns including one that has a chamber 5.5 m in diameter with two cover stones still in place. The chamber is oriented east to west and 3.0 m long, 1.36 m wide at the centre and 0.45 m at the entrance. There is also a prehistoric field system and a settlement with (probably) six hut circles. Some of the hut circles are integrated into the field walls of which there are three or four irregular shaped fields 30.0 m to 50.0 m across. The hut circles have an internal width of 4.0 m to 6.0 m. A number of finds of flint, bone and pottery of unknown date have been deposited with the Isles of Scilly Museum on St Mary’s. It is said that 1,500 Parliamentarians landed on the island in the mistaken belief they were on Tresco and a roughly rectangular enclosure with two sides of drystone walling is a possible ″Parliamentary army shelter″. On the west side of the island are the remains of a rusting ship.</p><br>
<p>The botanist J E Lousley visited the island one afternoon in May 1957 and recorded fifty-four species of plant, despite finding most of the island covered in a tangle of bracken and bramble to 1 m high and difficult to penetrate. Unusual plants (for the Isles of Scilly) in the brackish pool are sea-milkwort (Glaux maritima), fennel-leaved pondweed (Stuckenia pectinata) and red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum). A visit by John Hunt in the 1980s found a ″healthy″ growth of bracken. The fern soft shield-fern (Polystichum setiferum) once thought to be very rare on the islands has now been found on all the inhabited islands (except Bryher) and curiously also on Northwethel.</p><br>
<h3>Round Island</h3><br>
<p>Round Island is a 4.09 hectare island to the north of St Helen’s with an unmanned lighthouse on the summit. It is part of the Pentle Bay, Merrick and Round Islands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).</p><br>
<h3>Teän</h3><br>
<p>Teän is a 16.13 hectare island between St Helens, to the north-west and St Martins to the east. The island has a long history of habitation and was designated as the Teän Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1971. It is included in the Isles of Scilly Geological Conservation Review for the linking of islands by a sandy bar or tombolo.</p><br>
<p>Teän  is an uninhabited island to the north of the Isles of Scilly archipelago between Tresco, 1.5 km to the west and St Martin&#39;s 300 m to the east.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 16 hectare in area the island consists of a series of granite tors with the highest point, Great Hill, rising to 40 m at its eastern end. The low-lying land is overlain with glacial till and outwash gravels with glacial erratics abundant on the north coast beaches which indicates the southern limit of outwash from an ice sheet for which it is designated a Geological Conservation Review site.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of occupation from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century and the island was still being grazed in 1945. An early Christian chapel exists on the island, it was possibly dedicated to a saint called Theon.</p><br>
<p>The island lies within both the Isles of Scilly Heritage Coast and the Isles of Scilly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is managed by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust which has an Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) agreement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The coastline of Teän consists of a number of bays and sandy beaches which link to offshore rocks and carns at low tide. The western part of the island has low-lying ground linking granite carns, and field boundaries from the Romano-British period can be seen at extreme low tides.</p><br>
<p>A Parliamentary survey of 1652 reported one man living in a ruined house on the island and, in 1684, there was a thatched cottage between East Porth and West Porth which belonged to a Mr Nance who is reputed to have introduced kelp burning to Scilly. Kelp burning provides sodium carbonate for glass making and the practice continued in the islands until 1835. Kelp burning only produces 2-3 percent sodium carbonate and during the 19th century more efficient commercial and industrial methods ended the practice locally. Rights to areas of kelp were allocated to families and in 1787 Thomas Woodcock, his son and James Ashford (all of St Martins) were accused of ″ having trespassed on his (Nances) preserves″. After the hearing the court decided that the cutting of ore-weed and the making of kelp on Teän was the prescriptive right of Nance, and the trespassers were fined 2s 6d each. His family continued to live on Teän for several more generations and by 1717 there were ten people living on the island, but in 1752 William Borlase only saw fields of corn and ruined buildings. In the 19th century Woodley reported occasional occupation, a few acres of cultivation and sheep grazing and a 1919 guide book reported just a rabbit warren. Cattle were still being grazed in 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The island was first notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1971 and re-notified in 1986 under the 1981 Act. The SSSI was last assessed on 8 September 2009 and was found to be favourable. The assessment found that the vascular plant assemblage was all recorded apart from four-leaved allseed Polycarpon tetraphyllum. A key issue was lack of management for orange bird’s-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus) which needs short turf, and can be addressed with the HLS agreement held by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Human activity continued until relatively recent and is evident with 8 ha of the island surrounded by hedges and once cultivated. This area, with deeper soils, is dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and still has relic pasture plants such as rye grass (Lolium perenne), red clover (Trifolium pratense), hop trefoil (Trifolium campestre) and black knapweed (Centaurea nigra). The maritime grassland around St Helen&#39;s Porth, and on the south coast, has abundant thrift (Armeria maritima) and sea campion (Silene maritime), and near Clodgie Point orange bird’s-foot occurs. The dune grassland area behind East and West Porth is important for the very rare dwarf pansy (Viola kitaibeliana). The summit of Great Hill has a small area of lowland heath.</p><br>
<h4>Rare plants</h4><br>
<p>Shore dock (Rumex rupestris) first recorded here in 1984 and still there in 2005; a BAP species and is one of the primary reasons why the Isles of Scilly is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC).</p><br>
<p>Four-leaved allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum) last recorded in 1990</p><br>
<p>Saltwort (Salsola kali) recorded in 2009, once found on most sandy beaches in Scilly and now a rare plant; previous record on Scilly was 2004 on Samson.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The only mammals found on Teän are the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the House Mouse (Mus musculus). Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) may be extinct, and with no grazing animals on the island, plants that prefer a short sward such as orange bird’s foot may become extinct. In 1850 J. W. North reported that Teän "is a preserve of white rabbits"! Scilly Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) bones have been found in Roman or early medieval middens and it was last recorded in 1964. There are no recent records.</p><br>
<h4>Breeding birds</h4><br>
<p>The SSSI citation lists five species of breeding birds on the island including the Puffin (Fratercula arctica). Other breeding seabirds are the Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) and a small number of Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). The seabird breeding colonies are in decline on the Isles of Scilly and in the years 2006–09 the Kittiwake has failed to breed on all the islands bar one chick raised on St Agnes in 2009. Of the species listed above, none have been recorded as breeding on Teän in 2009.</p><br>
<p>A pair of Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) bred on Teän in 2008 with two juveniles seen.</p><br>
<h4>Invertebrates</h4><br>
<p>Teän was the site of ground breaking mark and re–capture population studies of the Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) butterfly by entomologists E. B. Ford and Prof W. H. Dowdeswell who camped on the island from 26 August to 8 September 1938. They marked each insect with a dot of cellulose paint so that it was possible to tell the date of first capture and any subsequent recaptures. The Common Blue is not a migratory butterfly and no marked butterflies were captured on the west side of St Martin’s, so additions to the Teän population were likely to be mainly emergences and losses due to death. It was noted that the normal form of the butterfly was found on St Mary’s, Tresco and St Martin’s whilst on Teän there is a separate race, due to isolation.</p><br>
<p>Ford described them as "The females obtained in the summer (I have no knowledge of the spring form) have an extensive scattering of pale silvery-blue scales, so that they are most unlike those found elsewhere, which are neither blackish or else marked with a violet shade. Moreover, the form from Teän is associated with a characteristic variation on the under-side of the hind-wings, which affects both sexes; for in a large proportion of the specimens the two spots placed along the coastal margin are united, forming a short curved line, and other varieties in spotting are frequent. We seem to here a stage in the evolution of an independent sub-species".</p><br>
<p>Recent visits have not found the Common Blue to be significantly different on Teän so Ford’s remarkable form no longer seems to exist; unusual female colour forms and aberrations may just occur more frequently on Scilly than elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Red Barbed Ant (Formica rufibarbis)</p><br>
<p>The Red Barbed Ant has been described as ″...perhaps the rarest resident animal in mainland Britain″ with only four nests in Surrey and extinct in Cornwall (last recorded in 1907). Found on St Martins, the Eastern Isles and also Teän where it was recorded in 2008. Its favoured habitat is open heathland with plenty of bare ground. Queens from St Martin&#39;s are captured and taken to Surrey to maintain those colonies.</p><br>
<p>The George Clayson House, located at 224 East Palatine Road in Palatine, Illinois, is a Second Empire home built in 1873 that has been restored to its 1890-1900 appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George H. Clayson was probably a local carpenter who also operated a grape orchard south of his property. Clayson moved to Palatine, Illinois from New York in the 1860s. He became a member of the Palatine Board of Trustees. Clayson acquired the 10 acre property from Denzel F. Robinson in 1873. Clayson sold the house to Moses D. Brown in 1881. Clayson sold the property so that he could move to nearby Nunda to expand his orchard interests. The Palatine Public Library purchased the property in 1975 so that the Palatine Historical Society could rehabilitate it and maintain it as a public museum. On March 21, 1979, the house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Today it is still operated as a museum on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays. It is operated by the historical society and maintained by the Palatine Park District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of fewer than two dozen buildings in Palatine that are at least 125 years old. It was almost certainly based on a design in a pattern book. Customary to the Second Empire design motif, the house features a prominent Mansard roof. The first floor features a parlor, sitting room, dining room, kitchen, and library. The second floor had five bedrooms. The wood frame house sits on a brick foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Patten House is a Chateauesque and Queen Anne style home located at 17 N. Benton Street in Palatine, Illinois. It was designed by Julius F. Wegman for Charles H. Patten, a prominent local businessman who was also mayor of Palatine from 1894 to 1895.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles H. Patten was born in 1853 and grew up on a farm near Palatine. He was the son of John Patten, who moved to the area from Londonderry, New Hampshire. Charles opened the Bank of Palatine, which was the only bank in the village at the time. He later became director of the First National Bank of Palatine. He married Mary Robertson of Lake Zurich and opened a creamery in her hometown. Patten served as village treasurer and was elected Mayor of Palatine in 1894, a position that he held through 1895. His main platform in the election was the need for a water system, and ordered the construction of the Palatine and Barrington Water Works. Patten was a member of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine and was an early investor in the Palatine, Lake Zurich and Wauconda Railroad. Patten died of a heart attack while working on his home in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Charles Patten constructed his home in 1898 on Benton Street. He hired Chicago architect Julius F. Wegman to design the building. The stained glass window in the front of the house was previously installed in John Pattens house. Charles Patten was adamant about using local labor to construct the home and used wood from local groves. A carriage barn and windmill were also constructed on the site, although these structures no longer stand. The house passed to Charles Pattens daughter Mary upon his death. She sold the house to her nephew and his wife, who occupied the residence until 2004. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The roof is the most noticeable area of Chateauesque architecture, featuring finials and tall chimneys. The Queen Anne turret features corbels below the roofline. The elaborate patterns on the exterior walls are also express Queen Anne influence. The Patten House is the sole building remaining in Palatine from the period that has Chateauesque elements—most surviving structures, such as the George Clayson House, are in the Second Empire style. Only three other houses in Palatine are in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>The Müller House is a historic house located at 500 North Vail Avenue in Arlington Heights, Illinois. F.W. Müller built the house for his family and their soda water business in 1882. The Müller business was one of the first commercial establishments in Arlington Heights and was part of the citys early transition from a rural settlement to a large suburb of Chicago. The house is also an uncommon blend of architectural styles; while it features a Greek Revival cornice with scrolled brackets and a symmetrical front facade, the style is not seen elsewhere in the house, which otherwise has a Victorian design. The design also combines the functional necessities of the factory with the decorative features of a middle-class home; prominent among the latter is the houses woodwork, which includes a carved oak staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 26, 1979. It is now part of the Arlington Heights Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Miskito Cays  are an archipelago with an area of 27 km² located off shore in the northeastern Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, part of the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. The Miskito Cays are composed of 76 formations that include estuaries, coral reefs, cays, seagrass beds, and islets, of which 12 of the formations are covered with vegetation and consequently form islands which are lined with white sand beaches.</p><br>
<p>Miskito Cay (Cayo Miskito), also known as Cayo Mayor, is the largest and most important cay located in the center of the archipelago measuring 37 km². Other main islands are Maras Cay, Nasa Cay, and Morrison Denis Cay</p><br>
<p>The Miskito Cays Biological Reserve is one of 78 protected areas of Nicaragua, it was declared a protected area in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon House, also known as Hawley House, in Barrington, Illinois is a mid-19th century residence listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and features</h2><br>
<p>The Octagon House is an eight-sided, two-story structure originally intended for residential use. According to the submitted in June 1978, the home was built in or around 1860 by a Mr. Brown, likely Joseph Brown. The structure is entirely wood-framed and covered with clapboards.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon House&#39;s most notable features are the intricately carved and jig-sawed brackets supporting the roof of</p><br>
<p>the porch enclosing the house and similarly detailed screens that cover the foundation from view. Structural members of the house are fastened by hand-forged flat nails and glue. No machined nails were used in the original structure. At the time of its nomination, the house was painted all white; however, its current occupants have since repainted the structure in a combination of yellow, burgundy, and olive.</p><br>
<p>Despite its eight-sided exterior, the interior of the Octagon House is reported as "quite conventional," and the rooms are divided so no octagonal corner is visible from the inside. The small spaces that develop from fitting a rectilinear floorplan into an octagonal space are used as coat nooks, and on the west side of the house, as a stair closet. The door frames and mouldings are hand carved in</p><br>
<p>a simple medallion pattern.</p><br>
<p>There have been at least two additions to the structure—the first, sometime before 1920, removed the rear porch and added a kitchen addition to the southwest corner of the house. Upon purchasing the home in 1951, the Hawley family added a small bedroom extension at the structure&#39;s rear southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Lime Rock  is a village and historic district in Lincoln, Providence County, Rhode Island, United States, near Rhode Island Route 146. The village was named after the limestone quarries in the area, which started in the 17th century, and continue to the present where Conklin Limestone Company now operates. Because of the abundance of limestone in the area many houses had massive end chimneys and were called "stone enders," a distinctly Rhode Island style of architecture. The historic district includes 21 historically significant properties in an area extending from Wilbur Street, just west of its junction with Old Louisquisset Pike, eastward to Great Road, and then along Great Road as far as Simon Sayles Road. Among these properties are three quarries, and the ruins of three old lime kilns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Cruach Ardrain is a Munro mountain located in the southern highlands of Scotland in the Stirling Council area, five kilometres south east of Crianlarich.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Cruach Ardrain is clearly delineated to the west by the upper valley of the River Falloch (Coire Earb) and to the east by the Benmore and Inverlochlarig glens and is one of the more distinctive of the group of mountains that stand in Glen Falloch. It has a fine pointed outline and is a well seen from the village of Crianlarich with which it is closely associated. A popular horseshoe ridge walk taking in the mountain starts and finishes in the village. Cruach Ardrain is Y shaped and reaches a height of 1046 metres (3432 feet). The hills name originate from the Gaelic language and its exact meaning is vague and has various translations into English. One popular version being “The High Heap” however Cruach more usually means a stack, giving an alternative translation of “Stack of the High Part”. The name has also been translated in guide books as “High Mound” and “High Slopes”.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cruach Ardrain’s Y shape is formed by three ridges which go north, north west and south. The southern ridge links to the adjoining Munro of Beinn Tulaichean which lies two kilometres away across a high col at 825 metres. Cruach Ardrain and Beinn Tulaichean are often climbed together in the same walk. A spur goes south west off the south ridge to the subsidiary top of Stob Glas (815 metres) before continuing to link with the Munro of Beinn a&#39; Chroin, however care is needed as Stob Glas is steep and rocky. The north and north east ridges encircle the extensive Coire Ardrain which is rocky at its head and forested on its lower slopes.</p><br>
<p>The head of Coire Ardrain contains Y Gully, a scrambler&#39;s route which leads directly to the summit and gives a fine ice climb (grade 1) in winter. Y Gully made the mountain popular with the early pioneers who enjoyed a challenging route to any summit. Another well known ice climb on the mountain is Hollow Gully which is located on the rocky spur of Stob Glas (c.820 metres) which lies 1 km south-southwest of the main summit.</p><br>
<p>Cruach Ardrain currently has one Munro “Top” located on its slopes, the 959 metre Stob Garbh (Rough Peak) situated 1 km away on the northern ridge. This Top was deleted in the 1921 edition. The north west ridge has two intermediate summits, Meall Dhamh (814 metres) and Grey Heights (686 metres), before dropping steeply to Glen Falloch through a conifer plantation.</p><br>
<h2>Naismith’s rule</h2><br>
<p>In May 1892 Scottish Mountaineer William W. Naismith devised Naismith&#39;s rule while walking over Cruach Ardrain on the way to the neighbouring mountain of Ben More. The rule is a simple formula for estimating walking time taking into account not just distance but also height to be ascended.</p><br>
<h2>Summit and ascents</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Cruach Ardrain has two high points of similar same height, roughly 250 metres apart. Current Ordnance survey maps give a spot height of 1046m for the north east top but no height for the south west top. Older imperial maps show a 3428 ft spot height (1045m) for the SW top but no height for the NE top. Sir Hugh Munro chose the NE Top for the 1891 list with the comment “The Westerly top is given on the 6in OS as 3429; the easterly, -77, the first two figures being obliterated. The height is probably therefore 3477 as above, as it is only slightly higher than the westerly top”. The 1901 edition of the 6 inch (1:10560) map showed that the “-77” height was in fact 3377 ft and therefore merely a point on the ridge. Accordingly, the Munro summit was moved to the SW top in the 1921 edition of Munro&#39;s Tables. This was reversed in 1981 when the 1046m spot height appeared on the 1976 1:25,000 map. The two high points are separated by a shallow depression at about 1031m with the current summit having a large cairn.</p><br>
<p>The most popular ascent of Cruach Ardrain starts at Crianlarich and uses the north and north west ridges as routes of ascent and descent. The north ridge is often recommended for ascent as it gives an exhilarating scramble over the “Top” of Stob Garbh, leaving the north west ridge for descent. The plantations at the foot of the NW ridge can be awkward to navigate but breaks in the forest do exist. A southern approach on mostly grassy slopes is possible from the roadhead before Inverlochlarig at.</p><br>
<p>Carrán-Los Venados is a volcanic group of scoria cones, maars and small stratovolcanoes in southern Chile, southeast of Ranco Lake. The highest cone is Los Guindos , which is a small stratovolcano with an elevation of 1,114 m. The volcanic group has recorded eruptions from 1955 and 1979. Located south of Maihue Lake and north Puyehue Volcano Carrán-Los Venados group is placed at the intersection of several faults on the thin crust  of southern Chile, among them Liquiñe-Ofqui and Futrono Fault.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanoes</h2><br>
<p>Carrán - a waterfilled maar, erupted in 1955 (also called "Nilahue")</p><br>
<p>Mirador - a cinder cone, erupted in 1979</p><br>
<p>Pocura - a water filled maar, unknown date of eruption</p><br>
<p>Riñinahue - a non-waterfilled maar, erupted in 1907</p><br>
<p>Volcanes Los Venados - the western and southern most group of volcanoes of Carrán-Los Venados group, unknown dates of eruption</p><br>
<p>Los Guindos - the tallest of the group, an extinct small stratocone</p><br>
<p>Long Pond is a 211 acre cold water pond in Plymouth, Massachusetts, east of Myles Standish State Forest, Halfway Pond and Round Pond, west of Route 3 at Exit 3 and The Pinehills, northwest of Bloody Pond, and north of West Wind Shores. The pond has an average depth of 46 ft and a maximum depth of 100 ft. It is fed by groundwater and an inlet from Little Long Pond, and drains into Halfway Pond. A paved boat ramp provided by the Public Access Board with ample parking spaces is easily accessible from Route 3. The Pond has a 50hp limitation on boating.</p><br>
<h2>Long Pond village</h2><br>
<p>The village of the same name to the southwest of the pond includes Faunce Church 41&deg;50&prime;50&Prime;N latitude, 70&deg;36&prime;17&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Halfway Pond a 232 acre warm water pond located in Plymouth, Massachusetts between Myles Standish State Forest and Long Pond, west of Round Pond, southwest of Gallows Pond, and north of Fawn Pond and White Island Pond. The average depth is nine feet and the maximum depth is 13 ft. The pond is fed by the outflow of Long Pond and drains into the Agawam River. Halfway Pond Island lies in the middle of the pond and is managed as a research natural area by The Nature Conservancy in Massachusetts. There are almost three miles  of shoreline.</p><br>
<p>Access here is informal and can be located off of Mast Road, a portion of which abuts the western shoreline of the pond. Parking is limited to just two or three cars and boaters will have to stick with canoes and other car top craft. Substantial amounts of shoreline are open to fishing.</p><br>
<h2>Halfway Pond village</h2><br>
<p>Halfway Pond, a small village of Plymouth, is located on the southwestern shore of Halfway Pond 41&deg;50&prime;32&Prime;N latitude, 70&deg;37&prime;13&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Street Freight House is a historic freight house located at Jeffersonville, Indiana. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2007, after being nominated by the Indiana Department of Transportation. It is one of the few railhouses built in the 1920s still standing.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (CCC & St. L RR), also known as the Big Four, around 1925. It was built Craftsman-style, and is 1 1/2 stories high. Its foundation and walls are made of wood, and the roof is asphalt shingles. It includes a brick chimney. The property upon which the freight house is upon covers 0.52 acre.</p><br>
<p>After the railroad abandoned it in 1963, R.A. Alms & Sons Feed Wholesalers used it from 1970 to 1975. In the 1980s a cable company used it. It is currently unused, but the Ohio River Bridges Project had plans to restore it in 2008 and turn it into its headquarters; as of August 2009 nothing has been done to renovate it.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures and the National Register of Historic Places on March 29, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The State of Indiana and Indiana Department of Transportation completed an extensive rehabilitation of the building in 2012.</p><br>
<p>File:Spring Street Freight House 3.jpgFront of depot, before restoration. Sign in door states that the depot is owned by the state of Indiana, and that trespassers will be prosecuted.</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - South Facade.jpgRehabilitated (2012) - South Entrance</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - Southwest Corner.jpgRehabilitated (2012) - Southwest Corner</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - Northeast Corner.jpgRehabilitated (2012) - Northeast Corner</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - Front Entrance.jpgRehabilitated (2012)- Front Entry</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - North Eave.jpgRehabilitated (2012) Brackets & Eaves</p><br>
<p>File:Exterior - South Eave.jpgRehabilitated (2012) - South Eave</p><br>
<p>File:Interior.jpgRehabilitated (2012) - Interior</p><br>
<p>Darband Cave is a Lower Paleolithic site in the Gilan Province in northern Iran, located on the north side of a deep tributary canyon of the Siahrud River, a tributary of the Sefīd-Rūd River that flows into the Caspian Sea.</p><br>
<p>The cave contains evidence for the earliest prehistoric human cave occupation during the Lower Paleolithic in Iran. Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by a group of Iranian archaeologists of the Center for Paleolithic Research of the National Museum of Iran and ICHTO of Gilan. The site dates back to the late Middle Pleistocene period.</p><br>
<p>The presence of large numbers of cave bear and brown bear remains and sparse stone artifacts at the site indicates that Darband primarily represents a bear den. The co-occurrence of artifacts and bear bones does not imply human predation or scavenging. Because there are no clear cut marks, except a few burning signs on the bear bones, they probably accumulated through natural processes.</p><br>
<p>Landslip Hill is located on the boundary of Southland and Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, between Tapanui and Pukerau. It is a debris flow feature associated with the Manuherikia Group of fluvial quartz sandstones. Geologists have described the fossil-bearing rocks as forming part of a sequence of "siliclastic fluvial deltaic sands, conglomerates and silty clays".</p><br>
<h2>Fossil beds</h2><br>
<p>The formation is well known in botanists for its prominent plant fossils of Late Oligocene to Miocene age. The first collection was made at Landslip Hill in 1862 while Sir James Hector was the director of the Geological Survey of Otago. Hector returned to the Landslip Hill deposit in 1869 to make further collections, and in 1884 he proposed the name Landslip Hill beds for the quartz arenite, which is now regarded as being related to the Gore Formation following the work of Lindqvist (1983) and Pocknall (1982). "The plant remains include uncompressed three-dimensional logs, stems, roots and rootlets, and a variety of fruits, some of which can be assigned to modern New Zealand taxa, and others which are no longer present in the local flora". Recent finds include fossils of the genus Casuarina.</p><br>
<h2>Claims of impact origin</h2><br>
<p>Some have claimed that Landslip Hill is an impact crater; but reliable sources categorically deny this. Others have described the feature as "600 by 900 meters wide and 130 meters deep, and surrounded by a zone of fallen trees, 40 to 80 kilometers wide, dating from eight centuries ago".</p><br>
<p>However, James Goff, Keri Hulme and Bruce McFadgen, after considering the arguments put forward by Steel and others, find no evidence, either Maori or geological, for a 15th-century meteor impact in New Zealand. They make the point that invoking legends or particular translations of Maori place-names to "fit" a known event must be undertaken with considerable care and suitable provisos, and characterise this type of reasoning as attempts to creatively rewrite New Zealands cultural and tectonic past&#39;. They also deal with the Māori lament quoted in Steel & Snow, disputing both his translation and his interpretation.</p><br>
<p>The Landsford Canal, technically a navigation channel parallel to the line of a watercourse, opened in 1823 with the purpose of bypassing rapids along the Catawba River in order to allow efficient freight transport and rapid travel between nearby communities and settlements along the rural frontiers of the era. It had five locks operating over a stretch of two miles, with an elevation change overall of 32 -. It was part of the inland navigation system from the Up Country to Charleston, built systematically from 1819, and the navigations are today the centerpiece of Canal State Park:</p><br>
<p>The Landsford Canal was the farthest upstream of a series of river boat navigations built in the 1810s and 1820s by slave labor – canals built on the Western North Carolina Catawba River and South Carolina Wateree Rivers to provide a direct water route between the upstate settlements and the towns along the fall line; river transport being far superior to road transport on the crude, oft muddy tracks that sufficed as roads. It is located along a 2 mi stretch of the Catawba River in Chester County and Lancaster County west of Lancaster where the fall of the river created a shallow water crossing, a ford named for an early settler who owned the land around the Catawba River, Thomas Land. Today, the lock keeper&#39;s house and the canal with three locks is the centerpiece of the Landsford Canal State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The canal was designed by Robert Mills. Construction began in 1820, using slave labor and skilled laborers from the northern United States under the supervision of Robert Leckie. It was 2 mi long. It was 12 ft wide and 10 ft deep. It had five locks for the 32 ft descent of the river.</p><br>
<p>The canal was not a financial success. In 1824, one of the locks collapsed due to a poor foundation. Canal traffic, which was never high, had apparently ceased by 1840. The granite locks and the lock keeper&#39;s house survive.</p><br>
<p>The Landsford Canal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Additional pictures, architectural drawings, and information about the lock keepers house are available from the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress. The documentation indicates the lock keepers house at Landsford Canal was moved from Rocky Mount Canal near Great Falls downstream.</p><br>
<p>Turtle Mountain is a mountain in Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the Crowsnest River Valley and is part of the Blairmore Range of the Canadian Rockies. The headwaters of the Oldman River are found here.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local Indigenous peoples of the area, the Blackfoot and Ktunaxa, have oral traditions referring to the peak as "the mountain that moves."</p><br>
<p>The mountain is most famous for the 1903 Frank Slide in which 30 million cubic metres (82 million tonnes) of limestone broke away from the top of the mountain, burying the East half of the town of Frank and killing about 70 to over 90 of the approximate 600 residents of the town. However, only 12 bodies were ever recovered. The mountain has been monitored since 1903 with the most recent project established in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Turtle Mountain is an anticline of Paleozoic Rundle Group carbonates thrust over weaker Mesozoic clastics and coals. Summit fissures at the apex of the anticline likely allowed water to infiltrate and weaken the slightly-soluble carbonates within the mountain face, while the supporting underlying clastics were undermined by valley glaciation followed by erosion from the Crowsnest River.</p><br>
<h2>Turtle Mountain Monitoring Project & Field Laboratory</h2><br>
<p>On April 29, 2003, at the ceremony commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Frank Slide, the Hon. Ralph Klein, Premier of Alberta, announced $1.1 million in funding for a monitoring program on Turtle Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Implementing the project required a collaborative effort between contractors, the Government of Alberta and universities. Initial stages of the state-of-the-art predictive monitoring system were designed and deployed by March 31, 2005. The Turtle Mountain Monitoring Project was administered by Emergency Management Alberta (EMA), with technical direction from the Energy Resources Conservation Board/Alberta Geological Survey (ERCB/AGS).</p><br>
<p>As of April 2, 2005, ERCB/AGS assumed responsibility for the long-term operation, maintenance and upgrading of the mountain-monitoring system, as well as facilitating research using the system. Since taking over the project, AGS has reviewed the near–real-time data stream from the sensor network installed on the south peak of Turtle Mountain. The data show corresponding trends between temperature and the slow, long-term creep of South Peak. The present project updates and modernizes some of the components of the more recent monitoring programs, as well as adding newer, more high-tech systems.</p><br>
<p>The Landwehr Canal, or Landwehrkanal in German, is a 10.7 km long canal parallel to the Spree river in Berlin, Germany, built between 1845 and 1850 according to plans by Peter Joseph Lenné. It connects the upper part of the Spree at the Osthafen  in Friedrichshain with its lower part in Charlottenburg, flowing through Kreuzberg and Tiergarten.</p><br>
<p>Lenné designed a canal with sloped walls, an average width of 20 m at the surface and locks near both ends to control the water depth. In the course of two enlargements (1883–1890 and 1936–1941), it reached a breadth of 22 m and a depth of 2 m. Today the waterway is mainly used by tourist boats and pleasure craft.</p><br>
<p>The Landwehr Canal leaves the Spree River in the Osthafen (Eastern Harbour) in Friedrichshain, east of the city centre. It immediately descends through the Schleusenufer (Upper Lock) and heads in a straight line south west to its junction with the Neukölln Ship Canal, which provides a connection to the Teltow Canal. Here the Landwehr Canal turns north west through Kreuzberg, along the Paul-Lincke-Ufer</p><br>
<p>In Kreuzberg the canal passes the entrance to the former Luisenstadt Canal that, between 1852 and 1926, provided a further connection to the Spree River. Although this has since been filled and partially converted to a public garden, its route can still be traced by the parallel flanking streets with their distinctive damm suffixes.</p><br>
<p>Further west in Kreuzberg, the canal is paralleled for about 1 km by the U1 line of the Berlin U-Bahn, which runs here as an elevated railway. After passing the elevated Möckernbrücke and Hallesches Tor stations, the U1 crosses the canal on a high level bridge that also spans the railway bridge that once gave access to the, now demolished, Anhalter Bahnhof. Shortly after that, the elevated U2 line crosses the canal.</p><br>
<p>After entering Tiergarten, the canal flows between the Großer Tiergarten Park and the Berlin Zoological Garden. Here the canal passes through the Unterschleuse (Lower Lock) and is bridged by the Berlin Stadtbahn. This historic elevated railway carries S-Bahn, Regional-Express and InterCity trains. The Landwehr Canal rejoins the Spree River in Charlottenburg, immediately opposite the entrance to the Charlottenburg Canal at a waterways crossroad known as Spreekreuz.</p><br>
<h2>Incidents</h2><br>
<p>After Rosa Luxemburg was murdered on January 15, 1919, her body was dumped into the Landwehr Canal, where it was not found until June 1. A memorial marks the site. In 1920 Anna "Anastasia" Anderson (Franziska Schanzkowska) attempted suicide by jumping into the water. In 1932 initial construction of the Shell-Haus overlooking the canal was completed.</p><br>
<p>On 27 April 1945 the Russian Army was closing in on the German Armys final defensive stronghold in the Tiergarten district of Berlin. As some Russian troops were using the U-bahn tunnels for their advance, German military engineers, apparently acting on Hitlers direct orders, blew up retaining walls by a railway tunnel adjoining the canal, drowning many civilians and evacuated army casualties (in hospital trains) who were given refuge in the tunnels.</p><br>
<p>On 8 June 1962 a party of fourteen East German refugees commandeered the river steamer Friedrich Wolff, erected steel plates around the wheelhouse and sailed from the Spree into the Landwehr Canal. An East German patrol boat intercepted them and opened fire, but West German police returned fire and all landed safely on the canal bank, in the West.</p><br>
<p>St. James Memorial Chapel is a historic Episcopal chapel located on the grounds of Howe Military School, in Howe, Indiana. It was built in 1902, and is a one-story, Tudor Revival style brick building sheathed with a limestone veneer. It measures 152 feet by 64 feet, and has additions made in 1909, 1914 , and 1955. The building features a two-story, crenellated corner tower.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 16, 2001. In 2016 the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Indiana disassociated and ended the relationship between the Episcopal Church and Howe Military School. The Chapel is no longer under the care of the Episcopal Church and cannot be regarded as Episcopal.</p><br>
<h2>St. Mark's Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church worships in the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Chapel crypt burials</h2><br>
<p>Buried in the chapel&#39;s crypt are the founders of Howe Military School, John Badlam Howe, (1812–1883) and Frances Marie (Glidden) Howe, his wife. Also buried there are the first four bishops of the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Indiana and the wives of three of them, as follows:</p><br>
<p>1. John Hazen White (1849–1925), first bishop, (and also the fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Indiana and his wife, Louise (Holbrook) White (1858–1928)</p><br>
<p>2. Campbell Gray (1879–1944), second bishop, and his wife, Virginia (Morgan) Gray (1886–1978)</p><br>
<p>3. Reginald Mallett (1893–1965), third bishop, and his wife, Lucy Atkinson Murchison Mallett (1898–1959); and</p><br>
<p>4. Walter C. Klein, fourth bishop (1904–1980).</p><br>
<h2>Other local sites on the National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Other sites in Howe on the National register are:</p><br>
<p>John Badlam Howe Mansion, which is also known as the Howe Military School Rectory or the Administration Building, located next to the chapel</p><br>
<p>Lima Township School</p><br>
<p>Star Milling and Electric Company Historic District</p><br>
<p>Samuel P. Williams House</p><br>
<p>Marietta, is a historic home located in Glenn Dale, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marietta is a -story brick Federal house, begun c. 1812, in a traditional I-house plan. It is an important example of a late Federal style brick house. The main block is five bays by two, and entrance is through the central bay of the south facade. Attached to the north of the main block at right angles is a two-story rear wing, built c. 1832, and attached to the west gable end is an L-shaped wing added in 1968. Marietta stands on terraced, landscaped grounds with two contemporary outbuildings: a brick law office and a stone and brick root cellar/harness storage room.</p><br>
<p>Marietta was built for Gabriel Duvall, one of Prince Georges Countys most prominent slave-owners. The number of slaves at Marietta fluctuated between thirty-five and fifty.Duvall died in 1844 at Marietta. Marietta remained the residence of his heirs until 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Marietta House Museum</h2><br>
<p>The site is operated as the Marietta House Museum of the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. It also formerly served as the headquarters of the Prince George&#39;s County Historical Society. The house is operated as a historic house museum, and is furnished to reflect three generations of Duvalls from 1815 to 1902.</p><br>
<p>The Eighth Regiment Armory, located in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District of Chicago, Illinois, was the first armory in the United States built for an African-American military regiment, known as the "Fighting 8th". The building later was used by a division of the Illinois National Guard, and during World War I was incorporated into the US Infantry. After closing the armory in the early 1960s, it became the South Central Gymnasium. In 1999, following an extensive renovation, it was reopened as a public high school military academy. The restoration and conversion into a school has been recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Victory Monument honors the regiment for service during World War I.</p><br>
<p>The armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1986, and was designated as a Chicago Landmark on September 9, 1998. It is one of nine landmark structures in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District. In currently houses the Chicago Military Academy.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>On June 27, 1937, the armory hosted a battle of the bands, featuring big bands. The Roy Eldridge&#39;s band began the show, followed by the 16 piece Benny Goodman band, with Gene Krupa on the drums and Harry James on the trumpet. The popular tune King Porter Stomp was a highlight of the evening.</p><br>
<p>The Old Corner Bookstore is a historic commercial building in the center of Boston, Massachusetts. It is at the corner of Washington and School Streets, along the Freedom Trail of revolutionary and early American historic sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was formerly the home of Anne Hutchinson, who was expelled from Massachusetts in 1638 for heresy. Thomas Crease purchased the home in 1708, though it burned down in the Great Boston Fire on October 2, 1711. Crease constructed a new building on the site in 1712 as a residence and apothecary shop. For generations, various pharmacists used the site for the same purpose: the first floor was for commercial use and the upper floors were residential. In 1817, Dr. Samuel Clarke, father of future minister James Freeman Clarke, bought the building.</p><br>
<p>The buildings first use as a bookstore dates to 1828, when Timothy Harrington Carter leased the space from a man named George Brimmer. Carter spent $7,000 renovating the buildings commercial space, including the addition of projecting, small-paned windows on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>From 1832 to 1865, it was home to Ticknor and Fields, a publishing company founded by William Ticknor, later renamed when he partnered with James Thomas Fields. For part of the 19th century, the firm was one of the most important publishing companies in the United States, and the Old Corner Bookstore became a meeting-place for such authors as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Ticknor and Fields rented out the whole building, using only the corner for a retail space. Other sections of the building, particularly upstairs rooms and storefronts facing School Street, were in turn sublet to other businesses. After the death of Ticknor, Fields wanted to focus on publishing rather than the retail store. On November 12, 1864, he sold the Old Corner Bookstore to E. P. Dutton; Ticknor and Fields moved to Tremont Street. A succession of other publishing houses and booksellers followed Ticknor and Fields in the building.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with its literary past, in the 1890s the shop carried magazines such as: Arena, Argosy, Army and Navy Journal, Art, Art Amateur, The Atlantic, Black Cat, Bookman, Bradley His Book, Catholic World, The Century Magazine, The Chap-Book, The Church, The Churchman, Current Literature, Donahoes Magazine, Every Month, Forum, Guntons Magazine, Harpers Bazaar, Harpers Round Table, Harpers Weekly, Home and Country, Judge, Ladies Home Journal, Frank Leslies Popular Monthly, Leslies Weekly, Life, Lippincotts Monthly Magazine, Munseys Magazine, The Nation, North American Review, Outing, Pocket Magazine, Poet Lore, Public Opinion, Outlook, Puck, Puritan, Red Letter, Review of Reviews, Scientific American, Scribners Magazine, Shoppells, St. Nicholas Magazine, Town Talk, Truth, Vogue, What to Eat, Yale Review, and Youths Companion.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The building was threatened with demolition in 1960 and was "rescued" through a purchase by Historic Boston, Inc. for the sum of $100,000. Historic Boston is a not-for-profit preservation and real estate organization that rehabilitates historic and culturally significant properties in Boston’s neighborhoods so that they are a usable part of the city’s present and future. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Boston Landmark under the auspices of the Boston Landmarks Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Recent tenants</h2><br>
<p>In recent times, the Old Corner Bookstore&#39;s retail space was the original location of the Globe Corner Bookstore (a division of the Old Corner Bookstore Inc.), which operated there for 16 years from 1982 to 1997 and specializes in travel books & maps. A Boston Globe company store operated in the building from 1998 through 2002, selling Boston Globe products and tourist memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>The building is now recognized as a site on Bostons Freedom Trail, Literary Trail, and Womens Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>A national discount jewelry chain, Ultra Diamonds, occupied the retail space from 2005 until the company&#39;s bankruptcy in 2009. Then the space was briefly used as a showroom for crafts created by North Bennet Street School students and faculty. The space now houses a Chipotle Mexican Grill restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<h2>Historical tenants</h2><br>
<h3>Tenants of no.76 Cornhill</h3><br>
<p>1712: Thomas Crease</p><br>
<p>1789: Herman Brimmer, merchant, John Jackson, broker and Samuel Thayer and Minott Thayer, shopkeepers</p><br>
<p>1807: John West</p><br>
<p>1817: Dr. Samuel Clarke, apothecary</p><br>
<h3>Tenants of 135 Washington Street</h3><br>
<p>1828: Carter & Hendee (Richard B. Carter, Charles J. Hendee)</p><br>
<p>1829: Benjamin Perkins & Co.</p><br>
<p>1830: Gray and Bowen (Frederick T. Gray, Charles Bowen)</p><br>
<p>1833: Allen & Ticknor (John Allen, William D. Ticknor)</p><br>
<p>1838: Samuel H. Parker</p><br>
<p>1840: Parker & Ditson (S.H. Parker, Oliver Ditson)</p><br>
<p>1841: William D. Ticknor</p><br>
<p>1844: Oliver Ditson</p><br>
<p>1847: William D. Ticknor & Co. (Wm. D. Ticknor, John Reed Jr., James T. Fields)</p><br>
<p>1853: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields</p><br>
<p>1854: Ticknor and Fields</p><br>
<p>1868: E.P. Dutton & Co. (Edward Payson Dutton, Charles A. Clapp) and H.O. Houghton & Co.</p><br>
<p>1869: A. Williams & Co. (Alexander Williams)</p><br>
<p>Isolino Partegora  is an islet situated at the centre of the gulf of Angera on Lago Maggiore, the only island on the lake to fall within the Italian region Lombardy. Most of the shoreline consists of marshy cane thickets, although there is a sandy beach at the southern edge of the island.</p><br>
<p>The islet is about 96 by 36 m in size, with an area of roughly 3500 square metres.</p><br>
<p>Sass margunin, or margunée, is a submerged erratic block lying some tens of metres to the west of the island.</p><br>
<p>It is said that the saints Giulio and Giuliano stopped on the island. Tradition also identifies Partegora as the location of the martyrdom of Arialdo Alciato, the Milanese deacon and Patarine reformist who was assassinated in 1076 at the prompting of his archbishop, Guido da Velate. In 1776 Alessandro Volta, while a guest of the Castiglioni family in Angera, discovered marsh gas, or methane, here.</p><br>
<p>The Shannon–Erne Waterway  is a canal linking the River Shannon in the Republic of Ireland with the River Erne in Northern Ireland. Managed by Waterways Ireland, the canal is 63 km in length, has sixteen locks and runs from Leitrim village in County Leitrim to Upper Lough Erne in County Fermanagh.</p><br>
<p>The official opening of the Shannon–Erne Waterway took place at Corraguil Lock, Teemore, County Fermanagh on 23 May 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest know name of the Shannon–Erne Waterway was the River Gráinne (Sruth Gráinne in Irish, meaning The Gravelly River). The earliest surviving mention of the river name is in a poem composed about 1291 A.D. which gives the name as Sruth Gráinne-</p><br>
<p>The Annals of Loch Cé for the year 1457 state-</p><br>
<p>The victory of the Graine was gained by Mag Uidhir over Lochlainn, the son of Tadhg ORuairc, i.e. ORuairc.</p><br>
<p>The Annals of Ulster for the year 1457 state-</p><br>
<p>Great war arose this year between Mag Uidhir, namely, king of Fir-Manach and Ua Ruairc, namely, Lochlann, son of Tadhg Ua Ruairc. Mag Uidhir and Ua Ruairc appointed a meeting with each other opposite Ath-Conaill Mag Uidhir and Brian, son of Philip Mag Uidhir, went with a few people—that is, six horsemen and three score footmen—to meet Ua Ruairc. When Ua Ruairc and the Tellach-Eathach and Tellach-Dunchadha learned that Mag Uidhir was accompanied by only a small force, they gave him a hostile meeting. When Mag Uidhir saw the deceit practised on him, he went forward to Gort-an-fedain. There a battalion of kern and a battalion of gallowglasses of the people of Ua Ruairc overtook him. Then Mag Uidhir and Brian Mag Uidhir, with the six that were on horses and the three score kern, turned on them and routed the people of Ua Ruairc spiritedly, felicitously on that occasion and inflicted the defeat of Ath-Conaill and of the Graine-namely, a river that is between Fir-Manach and the Breifne-upon them. Mag Uidhir and his people then, returned with spoils joyfully. And the kern of Mag Uidhir carried with them sixteen heads of the nobles of the people of Ua Ruairc to the town of Mag Uidhir and they were placed on the palisade of the court-yard of Mag Uidhir and so on.</p><br>
<p>The 1609 Plantation of Ulster Baronial map for Loughtee Barony, County Cavan depicts the river as Graine Flumen (Latin meaning Graine River).</p><br>
<p>After the Cromwellian settlement of Ireland in the 1650s, the river was renamed as the Woodford River, after the Woodford Demesne in County Leitrim, through which the river flowed. Taylor & Skinner Maps of the Roads of Ireland in 1777 depicts it as the Woodford River. After the river was canalised in the 1850s it was renamed as the Woodford Canal and sometimes as the Ballinamore and Ballyconnell Canal</p><br>
<p>The grand plan of linking the river systems of the Erne and the Shannon with Lough Neagh was behind the planning for several of the Irish canals, and the first attempt at a link between the Erne and the Shannon was made in 1780, along the Woodford river, from Belturbet to Ballyconnell. Richard Evans carried out the work, which was financed by a grant of £1,000 from parliament. He built a lock near Carrowl, but failed to obtain any more grants, and the project ceased. In 1790, there was a scheme to connect Lower Lough Erne to the sea at Ballyshannon, which would involve the construction of twelve locks, but only one was built, and the scheme foundered in 1792, due to a failure to raise enough capital.</p><br>
<p>The next survey of the Woodford river was made in 1793 by William Chapman, who estimated that Garadice Lough could be reached for £5,000, from where he believed that a link to the Shannon should be possible. Eight years later, the Directors General asked Richard Evans, who had carried out the work in 1780, to estimate the cost of a link from the Shannon to the Erne, and also to reappraise the link from the Lower Erne at Belleek to the sea at Ballyshannon. Evans estimated that the two projects would cost £48,000, but the Directors General took no action, and this was the last time that the link to the sea was considered.</p><br>
<p>In 1838, the Commissioners of Public Works were created, and one of their tasks was to find public schemes that would create employment. Accordingly, William Mulvany carried out the next survey at their request, at a time when work had begun on the Ulster Canal, which would provide the link onwards to Lough Neagh. The powers of the Commissioners were increased in 1842, so that their remit included navigations, drainage and water power works. The Ulster Canal wanted the link to the Shannon completed, while local landowners wanted better drainage of the area, and these two factors finally convinced the Commissioners that they should act. The scheme would combine navigation and drainage, and plans were drawn up by John McMahon, an engineer working for the Board of Works. He estimated that the work would cost £100,000.</p><br>
<p>When work began on the Ballinamore and Ballyconnell Canal in 1846, it was financed by the Office of Public Works with John McMahon setting out the line and William Mulvany acting as the engineer in charge. The mix of drainage and navigation was always an awkward combination, since the first required low water levels and the second required high water levels. The engineering would have been simpler if two separate schemes had been built, as would the finances, since the drainage work had to be accounted for separately, and there were often delays while waiting for funding which was part of the other scheme. There were also problems with millers and eel fisheries, and surprisingly for a scheme designed to provide employment, difficulty with finding sufficient numbers of labourers to carry out the work. At the start of the project, over 7,000 were employed, but this reduced to 2,500 in its later stages.</p><br>
<p>A navigation channel was dredged through the six loughs which formed part of the canal using steam dredgers. The locks down to Lough Erne were all constructed with large weirs, and there were considerable problems with flooding from the Woodford River during construction. Between Lough Scur and Leitrim, the Leitrim River was enlarged, and eight locks were built. It soon became obvious that the original estimates were totally inadequate, and in 1852 there was an investigation into the Board of Works, since they seemed unable to deliver any projects within budget. Mulvany became the scapegoat, and was blamed for the overrun. He made cutbacks, reducing the depth from 6 ft to 4.5 ft, although in places the navigation was shallower than this. Despite the stringency, towpaths were built on the canal sections at huge cost, even though the loughs made it impossible to use horse power for much of the distance, and boats with steam engines were already working on the Shannon.</p><br>
<p>The first boats to use the canal from Ballinamore began to do so in 1858. By 1859 the cost had risen to £276,992, and there was a dispute as to who should pay the difference between that and the original estimate. Following a public enquiry, £30,000 was paid by each of the counties through which the canal ran, and the rest was funded by the government. Management was to be by a group of navigation trustees and a separate group of drainage trustees, which again provided conflict. The canal was handed over to them on 4 July 1860. Within months the engineer and secretary of the trustees, J. P. Pratt, had compiled a long list of problems. The records showed that only eight boats used the canal between 1860 and 1869, generating tolls of £18, and with this level of usage, there was little incentive to put things right.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>Two enquiries held at the time give an insight into the canal. The Crighton Committee of Enquiry was set up in 1878 to investigate the performance of the Board of Works, and following their findings, the Monck commission looked at the issues of a route from Belfast to Limerick. As part of the evidence collected, Pratt related that he had ceased to maintain it after 1865, since there was no traffic, and John Grey Vesey Porter, one of the trustees, described a three-week journey along the canal in a steamer in 1868, which had only been achieved by Pratt moving the water from pound to pound to keep the boat afloat. He declared the whole project to be one of the most shameful pieces of mismanagement in any county. In 1887, the Cavan and Leitrim Railway arrived in the area, and were sufficiently confident that the canal would not be used that they built low bridges over it, preventing navigation. The railway was not a commercial success either, and was another drain on local resources.</p><br>
<p>The Shuttleworth Commission recommended that the upper lock gates should be repaired in 1906, to prevent further damage to the structures of the waterway, but with no funds available, the navigation trustees concentrated on minor bridge repairs, to keep landowners and local authorities happy, and by 1948 they had ceased to function. Local authorities had to assume responsibility for bridge repairs, and there were ongoing problems with flooding.</p><br>
<h2>A new waterway</h2><br>
<p>The canal lay moribund until the 1960s, when the growth in pleasure boating on the Shannon led enthusiasts to consider whether it could be restored. By 1969, Leitrim Council and the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland were asking for a full survey to be carried out. Here things lay until 1988, when an engineering and feasibility study, funded by the International Fund for Ireland, examined the issues surrounding reinstatement of the canal, which lay across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. In June 1989, Charles Haughey, the Taoiseach, announced that the two governments had decided to adopt the proposal as a flagship cross-border project. In order for the project to take place, the powers of the original trustees, which had passed to the local authorities along its route, were transferred to the Office of Public Works. Work commenced in November 1990 and the canal was opened to traffic on 23 May 1994 on time and within the budget of £30m. It was essentially a new navigation along the line of the original waterway, which had never been properly completed in the first place.</p><br>
<p>The work involved major reconstruction of many of the structures, to make them suitable for modern cruisers. The eight locks between Lough Scur and Lough Erne were new concrete structures, and were widened to 19.8 ft, but were faced with stone from the original locks. The eight locks down to the Shannon were in better condition, and were repaired, so retain their original width of 16.5 ft. The locks are fully automatic, and are operated by the boat crews, using a smart card to activate the control panel, although they can only be used when waterways staff are working. Once restored, the canal was renamed, becoming the Shannon–Erne Waterway, to reflect its purpose of linking the two river systems, and it was opened by Dick Spring, the Irish Foreign Minister and Sir Patrick Mayhew, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland at the time. One unfortunate result of the scheme has been the invasion of the Erne system by the zebra mussel, a non-native species which travelled along the waterway from the Shannon.</p><br>
<h2>Course of the waterway</h2><br>
<p>The waterway has three natural sections: a still-water canal from the Shannon at Leitrim to Kilclare, which has eight locks; a summit level which includes Lough Scur, and a river navigation from Castlefore, near Keshcarrigan, through Ballinamore and Ballyconnell to the Erne, which has another eight locks.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Great Herring Pond is a 376 acre warm water pond mostly located in Plymouth, Massachusetts, with the southern portion extending into Bourne. The village of Pondville in the Cedarville section of Plymouth lies on the eastern shore of the pond. The pond has an average depth of 20 ft  and a maximum depth of 42 ft . The bottom is composed of sand, rubble and muck. A tire reef was installed in 1979 to</p><br>
<p>provide additional fish shelter. The inflow comes from Little Herring Pond, and the outflow goes into the Herring River in Bourne. The Public Access Board gravel ramp in Bourne enters shallow water and is therefore best suited for canoes, inflatable and other shallow-draft, hand-carried craft.</p><br>
<p>There has been multiple sightings of massive turtles on Great Herring Pond. They have been seen to be in size of 4–5 feet long, with heads the size of footballs. They have been seen floating down stream from Little Herring Pond, under Carters Bridge.</p><br>
<p>In colonial days, a large village of Christian Indians lived nearby in a place called Comassekumkanet, which means "on the other side of the prince&#39;s house" in Algonquin. Thomas Tupper, an early settler, preached to them though he was not ordained.</p><br>
<p>Mount Davraz , also sometimes cited as Mount Davras, is a mountain and a winter sports and ski resort in the Taurus Mountains in Isparta Province in southern Turkey. The nearest cities are the province seat of Isparta and its depending district of Eğirdir, both of which are at a roughly equal distance of 25 km from the Davraz Ski Resort . Antalya is 140 km away and, served by good road connections, is approximately a 1 ½ hour transfer.</p><br>
<p>The tallest peak (Büyük Davraz) at the resort is 2,637 m with the highest skiing height being at 2,250 m. There are black, red, blue and yellow runs, so there are facilities for all levels of skiers. Access to the slopes is via drag and chair lifts - depending on the particular run.</p><br>
<p>The resort is open from December 1 each year, although the main period of winter sports varies with the snow conditions, which usually means from the first week in January.</p><br>
<p>Davraz is served by one main hotel, Sirene Davras Ski and Wellness Hotel. The hotel is located at 1,650 m.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Presidents is a former Episcopal chapel on the Jersey Shore where seven United States presidents worshiped. It was visited by presidents Chester A. Arthur, James Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford Hayes, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson. All except Grant were in office when they paid their visits to the church.</p><br>
<p>For approximately 75 years it was a seasonal summer resort church, located at 1260 Ocean Avenue in Long Branch, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, just across the street from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1953 the Episcopal Diocese deconsecrated the church and slated it for demolition. Local preservationists stepped in and in 1955 the old chapel was rededicated as the Long Branch Historical Museum. Today the building is undergoing extensive structural repairs and renovations. It is closed to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Presidents was consecrated in 1879 as St. James Protestant Episcopal Chapel, a branch of St. James Episcopal Church, located elsewhere in Long Branch, New Jersey. The church picked up its nickname following the visits of so many chief executives.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was designed in the Carpenter Gothic style by the New York architectural firm of William Appleton Potter, and Robert Henderson Robertson. The firm was famous in the era for designing, Springfield, Massachusetts (1871-1875) and the Brown University Library (1875). The men also designed summer homes on the Jersey Shore.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th Century, Long Branch was considered the Monte Carlo of America. A white flag was raised when women went in the ocean; a red pennant was hoisted to begin the males-only sessions. In August 1861, Mary Todd Lincoln took a vacation in Long Branch and began a tradition of dignitaries from the nation’s capital to become regular guests. From the Gilded Age up until the era before World War I, Long Branch was one of the nation’s premier summer vacation spots, drawing the wealthy to its stately large homes.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Presidents was where the wealthy summer residents worshipped. Famous families such as the Goulds, Vanderbilts, Sloans, and, Drexels had palatial summer residences nearby. A newspaper reporter in 1886 estimated that the net worth of a small group of Sunday morning congregants was more than $250 million. During summertime in the Gay Nineties, an $8,000 Sunday collection was not unusual. However, by 1925 the chapel was in dire financial straits, and only by generous contributions of local townspeople was it saved. A New York real estate magnate, Henry Levy, paid off its back taxes, despite not being a member of the church, or a Christian. He remarked, "Although we are not of the same faith, we believe in the same God." This was only a temporary reprieve for the church.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 services at the chapel ceased due to a dwindling congregation. The once-crowded house of worship dwindled to less than 40 members. The Rev. Christopher H. Snyder, the chapel’s vicar, undertook a campaign to ask Congress to name the site a national shrine. National attention soon followed. It was acquired by the non-profit Long Branch Historical Museum Association in 1953. For the next 46 years it was operated as a local museum and open periodically. However, after 120 years of harsh weather conditions so close to the ocean, the building itself deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>The museum fell into disrepair and was closed in 1999. In 2003, private donations helped stabilize the building. The unique windows were removed and placed in storage, along with a number of historic items, including a silk American flag that covered President Garfields casket, President Grants gun cabinet, and the chapel&#39;s guest books that were signed by the presidents.</p><br>
<p>The church has been named as an official project of the National Trust for Historic Preservations Save Americas Treasures program. This designation recognizes the historic value and critical condition of the site, and makes it eligible for, but does not ensure, funding. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The Carpenter Gothic chapel is a wooden structure on a brick masonry base.</p><br>
<p>Two stained glass windows identified as works by the Louis Comfort Tiffany Studios were installed in the 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>The roof is made from cedar shake. A new ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber seal was installed on the building’s tower in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Decorative quatrefoils on the outside perimeter of the parapet are of Spanish mahogany.</p><br>
<p>The building remained unchanged from 1879 to 1895, when an imposing crenellated tower was added.</p><br>
<p>Also on the chapel property is a small building called The Garfield Tea House. It was built from railroad ties that were laid in 1881 to create a rail spur to transport the mortally wounded President Garfield from the Elberon train depot to the Francklyn cottage, where he died.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Presidents is the last remaining structure associated with all seven presidents who vacationed in Long Branch. In 1999 the Long Branch Historical Museum Association began fundraising efforts to save the building. The first step was to stabilize the building to prevent it from collapsing. The wood flooring was removed and reinforced concrete was poured to support the building. Steel supports replaced wooden pilasters that had deteriorated. The stained-glass windows, original altar, organ, and handmade pews were removed and put in storage during renovation.</p><br>
<p>Following the stabilization of the building in 2003, work began on the exterior. The wood frame was repaired, missing pieces were replaced, new gutters and a drainage system were installed, and the belfry was renovated. In 2007, a new cedar shake roof was completed.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the Monmouth County Historical Commission awarded a grant to repair the north-facing portico porch. Previous grants from the MCHC were used to install new rain gutters, to restore the Garfield Tea House, the church bell, and belfry.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the Long Branch Historical Museum Association is undertaking fundraising efforts to finish the renovation before the Church of the Presidents can re-open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Saddle Hill is a low lying mountain in eastern Aberdeenshire, Scotland within the Mounth Range of the Grampian Mountains. Its peak is 241 m above mean sea level. This hill is immediately north of the Roman camp of Raedykes.</p><br>
<p>From Saddle Hill there are expansive views to the North Sea facing east and the valley of the Burn of Monboys to the east and southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Saddle Hill is situated approximately 5 km to the northwest of Stonehaven; surface runoff and drainage from the easternand southern slopes of Saddle Hill flow to the Burn of Monboys, a very slightly alkaline stream These low pH levels (compared to other area streams) may be caused in part by the peat drainage from the moorland on Meikle Carewe Hill and Curlethney Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Neolithic traces of civilisation appear on the southwest flannks of the lower slopes of Saddle Hill in the form of cairns and standing stones.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm proposal</h2><br>
<p>Renewable Energy Resources has an application pending before the Aberdeenshire Council to create a windfarm for electrical power generation using Saddle Hill, Curlethney Hill, Meikle Carewe Hill (the two latter hills situated slightly to the west of Saddle Hill to install 12 wind turbines. Each turbine would reach a height of 70 metres above grade level, and the entire complex could generate enough power to supply the equivalent of 5000 homes. Environmental concerns over the proposal include noise pollution, visual impact and ecological disturbance.</p><br>
<p>Wildkirchli  are three interlinked caves situated in the Alpstein massif in the Appenzell Innerrhoden canton of Switzerland, north-east of Mount Säntis Switzerland. The caves are located at a height of. They are notable for the traces of Paleolithic Neanderthal habitation, dating to c. 40,000 BP, and cave bear bones dating to 90,000–40,000 BP. A museum at the site houses a full bear skeleton that was found in one of the caves.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are three caves, the Altarhöhle (altar cave), the Untere Höhle (lower cave), and the Obere Höhle (upper cave), located on the Ebenalp, which is the northernmost summit of the Appenzell Alps. They sit at a height of, and are reached by cable car from Wasserauen to the top of Edenalp, followed by a 15-minute hike down the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History of the caves</h2><br>
<p>The earliest-known documentation of the cave was a visit by a cave explorers club, the Höhlenklub of Appenzell, in 1863. In 1658, Paulus Ulmann (1613–1680), a priest in Appenzell, founded a chapel in the lower cave and established a hermitage in the upper cave. A series of hermits inhabited the site, and provided food and lodging to pilgrims who visited the chapel. The last hermit died in 1851, and the hermitage was eventually transformed into an inn. A small museum which is a recreation of the hermits house was built on the site of the old inn.</p><br>
<p>The cave chapel and pilgrimage were the subject of one chapter of Joseph Victor von Scheffel&#39;s Ekkehard: A Tale of the Tenth Century, Volume II.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeolgical finds in the caves</h2><br>
<p>Many bones have been found in the caves; the hermits sold them to pilgrims. In 1903–1908, Emil Bächler discovered flint tools in the Altarhöhle. Their identification as Mousterian was the first demonstration of Neanderthal man in the Appenzell Alps. Later excavations revealed three stratigraphic layers in the Altarhöhle. The lowest layer (90,000–40,000 BP) contained primarily cave bear bones. The upper layer contained the flint tools and was dated to the final phase of the Mousterian (about 40 000 BC). The layer also contained bones from animals such as chamois, ibexes and wolves, suggesting that the caves served as summer hunting sites.</p><br>
<p>Today the caves have become a tourist destination. On the same path as the caves is the Berggasthaus Aescher, a 170-year-old guesthouse built into the cliff. The guesthouse was included as one of the four most interesting restaurants by the Huffington Post and it was featured on the cover of National Geographic&#39;s "Places of a Lifetime" publication (2015).</p><br>
<p>The Guadaíra is a river that runs through the province of Seville, in Andalusia, southern Spain. Its name contains the same guad root as the much larger Rio Guadalquivir, coming from the Arabic word wadi, meaning "river valley".</p><br>
<p>The river runs through the town of Alcalá de Guadaíra in the Seville&#39;s metropolitan area. The upper river watershed is from the land to the east and south-east of the town, it proceeds through the town and joins the Guadalquivir to the south of Seville. The river has for many years been heavily contaminated with the by-products of olive processing and other waste being dumped directly into the river.</p><br>
<p>Large amounts of foam and an unpleasant smell are not uncommon features of the river in the winter. In spite of this the river provides a haven for much wildlife as its banks are well covered with trees and vegetation. On the southern side of the river is a large area of picturesque stone pine woodland, Oromana, and this is a favourite site for weekend and fiesta day outings for both locals and tourists.</p><br>
